DIGITAL LABOR THE INTERNET AS PLAYGROUND AND FACTORY

Further Reading

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244 Further Reading

Further Reading

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CONTRIBUTORS

Mark Andrejevic is a QE II Postdoctoral Researcher at the Centre for Critical and Cultural Studies, University of Queensland. His work focuses on the productive aspect of surveillance and monitoring in the digital era. In particular, he explores the ways in which the capture of detailed information about citizens becomes a source of value creation and generation within the context of the emerging interactive commercial model. He is the author of Reality TV: The Work of Being Watched and iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era, as well as numerous articles and book chapters on surveillance, popular culture, and digital media

Ayhan Aytes received his PhD degree in Communication and Cognitive Science from the Universitó of California, San Diego, in 2012. His research interests are related to the cultural history of artificial intelligence in relation to subjectivity, body, autonomy, temporality, religion, and race. His dissertation, The Other' in the Machine: Oriental Automata and the Mechanization of the Mind, is an inquiry into a long-term cultural relationship between intelligent automata and the Western discourse of Orientalism. His digital media works have been exhibited in various venues, including the Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam and Aksanat Culture and Arts Center. www.ayhanaytes.net.

Michel Bauwens is a writer, researcher, and speaker on the subjects of technology, culture, and business innovation. He is the founder of the Foundation for Peer-to-Peer Alternatives (www.p2pfoundation.net) and collaborates with a global group of researchers in the exploration of peer production, governance, and property. He has been an analyst for the United States Information Agency, knowledge manager for British Petroleum, e-business strategy manager for Belgacom, and an Internet entrepreneur in his native Belgium. He coproduced the TV documentary Technocalyps with Frank Theys and coedited a two-volume book about the anthropology

248 Contributors

of digital society with Salvino Salvaggio. Bauwens is Primavera Research Fellow the University of Amsterdam and an external expert for the Pontifical Academy Social Sciences. He currently lives in Chiang Mai, Thailand. He is a partner wi the Commons Strategies Group and serves on the advisory boards of the Union International Associations (Brussels), Shareable magazine (San Francisco), and t Zumbara Timebank (Istanbul).

Jonathan Beller is Professor of Humanities and Media Studies and Critical ai Visual Studies at The Pratt Institute. He also directs Pratt's graduate program media Studies. He is the author of The Cinematic Mode of Production: Attenti Economy and the Society of the Spectacle (2006) and Acquiring Eyes: Philippine Visual Nationalist Struggle and the World-Media System (2006). Current book projects i clude Present Senses: Aesthetics/Affect/Asia (with Neferti Tadiar) and Wagers with the Image. He is editing a special issue of The Scholar and Feminist Online titled Fen nist Media Theory: Iterations ofSocial Difference. www.jonathanbeller.wordpress.coi

Patricia Ticineto Clough is Professor of Sociology and Women's Studies at t City University of New York-Queens College and the Graduate Center. She the author of Autoaffection: Unconscious Thought in the Age of Teletechnology (200 Feminist Thought: Desire, Power and Academic Discourse (1994), and TheEnd(s) of E nography: From Realism to Social Criticism (1998). She is editor of The Affective Tu Theorizing the Social (2007) and, with Craig Willse, editor of Beyond Biopolit Essays on the Governance of Life and Death (forthcoming).

Sean Cubitt is Professor of Film and Television at Goldsmiths, University of Lo don; Professorial Fellow of the University of Melbourne; and Honorary Profess of the University of Dundee. His publications include Timeshift: On Video Cult Videography: Video Media as Art and Culture, Digital Aesthetics, Simulation and Soc Theory, The Cinema Effect, and EcoMedia. He is the series editor for Leonardo Boc at MIT Press. His current research is on the history and philosophy of visual tec nologies, onmedia art history, and on ecocriticism and mediation.

Jodi Dean is Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleg Her books include Aliens in America (1998), Publicity’s Secret (2002), Zizek’s Polit (2006), Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies (2009), Blog Theory (2010), and 7 Communist Horizon (2012). She is coeditor of the international electronic jouri of critical political and cultural theory, Theory & Event.

Abigail De Kosnik is Assistant Professor at the University of California-Berkel at the Berkeley Center for New Media and the Department of Theater, Dan and Performance Studies. www.twitter.com/De\_Kosnik.

Christian Fuchs is Chair Professor in Media and Communication Studies Uppsala University. His main research interests are critical social theory; meo and society; critical political economy of media; and communication, digital media, and society. He is chair of the European Sociological Association's Research Network 18—Sociology of Communications and Media Research, cofounder of the ICTs and Society Network (www.icts-and-society.net) and editor of tripleC—Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society (www.triple-c.at). He is author of the books Internet andSociety: Social Theory in the Information Age (2008), Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies (2011), and Social Media: A Critical Introduction (forthcoming). And he is coeditor of Internet and Surveillance. The Challenges of Web2.0 andSocial Media (2012). His website is www.fuchs.uti.at.

Lisa Nakamurais the Director of the Asian American Studies Program, Professor in the Institute of Communication Research and Media Studies program, and Professor of Asian American Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She is the author of Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet (2008) and Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity and Identity on the Internet (2002), and she is coeditor of Race in Cyberspace (2000) and Race After the Internet (2011). She has published articles in PMLA, Cinema Journal, Women's Review of Books, Camera Obscura, and the Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies. Her research focuses on race and gender in online social spaces such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games, and she is currently investigating the racializaton of labor in transnational contexts and avatarial operations in a postracial world.

Andrew Ross is a Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University. He is a contributor to The Nation, the Village Voice, New York Times, and Artforum, and he is the author of many books, including, most recently, Bird on Fire: Lessons from the World's Least Sustainable City; Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times; Fast Boatto China—Lessons from Shanghai;Low Pay, High Profile: The Global Push for Fair Labor; No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and Its Hidden Costs; and The Celebration Chronicles: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Property Value in Disney's New Town.

Ned Rossiter is an Australian media theorist and author of Organized Networks: Media Theory, Creative Labour, New Institutions (2006). He was based inPerth, Melbourne, Ulster, Beijing, Shanghai, and Ningbo before taking up an appointment as Professor of Communication in2011 in the School of Humanities and Communication Arts at the University of Western Sydney, where he is also a member of the Institute for Culture and Society. Rossiter is also an Honorary Research Fellow at the Centre for Creative Industries, Beida (Peking) University. He is a coresearcher on Transit Labour: Circuits, Regions, Borders (www.transitlabour.asia).

Trebor Scholz is an artist, writer, catalyst, and chair of the conference series The Politics of Digital Culture at The New School in New York City, where he is an Associate Professor ofCulture and Media. His forthcoming monograph with

Contributors

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250 Contributors

Polity Press offers a history of the social web andits Orwellian economies. In 2011, he coauthored (with Laura Y. Liu) From Mobile Playgrounds to Sweatshop City. Scholzis the editor of two collections of essays, Learning Through Digital Media (2011), and a volume on digital labor (2013). He coedited the Situated Technologies series of nine books and The Art of Free Cooperation (2007). Recent book chapters include “Facebook as Playground and Factory," and “Cheaper by the Dozen: An Introduction to Crowdsourcing." He alsofounded theInstitute for Distributed Creativity, which is widely known for its online discussions of critical network culture. Scholz holds a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. He chaired seven major conferences including the MobilityShifts summitin2011.www.digitallabor.org.

Tiziana Terranova is Associate Professor in the Sociology ofCommunications at the Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale." Her research interests lie in the area of the culture, science, technology, and political economy of new media. She is the author of Corpi Nella Rete (1996), Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age (2004), and numerous essays onnewmedia published injournals such asDerive e Approdi, New Formations, Ctheory, Angelaki, Social Text, Theory Culture and Society, and Transversal. She is a member of the editorial board of the journal Studi Culturali (Il Mulino); associate editor of the journal Theory, Culture and Society; and a member of the Italian free university network UniNomade (www.uninomade.org). She occasionally also writes on matters of new media for the Italian newspaper Il Manifesto.

McKenzie Wark is the author of A Hacker Manifesto (2004), Gamer Theory (2007), and various other works. He is Professor of Culture and Media at Eugene LangCollege, The NewSchool for Liberal Arts. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ McKenzie\_Wark.

Soenke Zehle is Lecturer inMedia Art and Design and has a long-time involvement in the collaborative conceptualization and implementation of transnational net.cultural art and research projects. Soenke is director of XMLab—Experimental Media Lab at the Academy of Fine Arts Saar, Ö Saarbrücken, Germany. For more information on his projectsand publications, see www.xmlab.org.

actor-network theory 60
Acxiom18
Adorno, Theodor 63-4
advertising127,217
aesthetics 121-4
affect 112-16
affinity groups100
Agamben, Giorgio 139-41
algorithms 233–5
alienation: of capital 59; digital 154–61
alternative economies 22
Amazon 19, 79; see also Mechanical Turk
America Online 33, 37,48, 106
Andrejevic, Dean 5, 212
Anglo-American cultural theory 34
animism65
Anonymous 233–4
Apache 48
apparatus 168; photographic170; quantum
character of 171
Appirio 160
apprenticeship 24
Arab Spring54, 232-3
ARPANET 35
art: avant-garde 144; cinema 133
Asia, workshops of 28
Asians, dehumanization of 196
Associated Media 14, 27
attention economy13, 214
audience, commodification of 2–3, 217
automaton 82-5
autonomists 33, 40–1, 44
autopoiesis 114
avatar 199–200
Aytes, Ayhan 5
Babbage, Charles86–7
Barbrook, Richard 35–8, 46, 49
"Bartleby" 131
Baudrillard, Jean 139–40, 174
Bauwens, Michel 7
Baym, Nancy 153
behavior market vendors 18
Beller, Jonathan3, 6
benefit-driven institutions 208-9
biopolitical capitalism 63
biosphere-friendly production209
Bitcoin234
blogs5,127–9
body 114-16
Boltanski, Luc 221
bourgeoisie 69, 139–40, 173
Buck-Morss, Susan 132–3
Buden, Boris 227–8
Burnett, Robert 153

calculating machine 86–7
capital: accumulation of 4, 26, 199, 215–19; alienation of 59; avatarial 199; circulation of 216; failures of 64; labor truce with 26, 69; as man 178; netarchical 208; peer-to-peer sharing and 8; social 18–19; writing and 167
capitalism: biopolitical 63; as class society 216; communicative 138; crisisof 208–9; expansion of 152; organizing

INDEX

against 21–2,179; origins of 171; value extraction in 50 captcha79-80 Castells, Manuel 92 Castronova, Edward 188–9, 199 Césaire, Aimé 178 Chaitlin, Gregory 119 Chapaev 133 cheating, in MMOs 188 chess 81, 85–6 Chess Player Automaton 81–4 China 189–90, 192 cinema3, 132–5 city, sentient 235 civil liberties 4 class: capitalism and 216; consciousness, on social networks 6; hacker 71; knowledge 39–42; ownership 155; vectoral 69–71; wagelabor and 217; web and 215–20 click signals18 Clough, Patricia 4 Club Cultures (Thornton)101 co-belonging140-1 code 233 cognitive labor 91–2, 207 cognitive surplus 17 cognitive worker 93 cold civil war 70 Cold War 136, 198, 230 collectiveidentity 138 collective intelligence 42-5 collectivity, suspicion of 140 commodification 171, 221; of audience 2–3,217; of communication89 commodity: dematerialization of 70; ephemeral 45–50; fan action on 100; profit generation from216; recombinant 46 commons: communication and221; creation of 208; free labor and 53; hacker embrace of 21; peer production oriented to 208–9; privatization and commodification of 221; slippage with 226 communication: commodification of 89; commons and 221; pleasures of 107 CommunicationsWorkers of America (CWA) 15 communicative capitalism 138 communism220–2 consciousness 6,27 consumer 25, 104 consumption, spectacular 142

content, production of 19, 218–19
content farm14
control society 120
convenience, politics of 139
Convergence Culture (Jenkins)8, 193
cooperation 21
COPS 22
copyfight 27
copygift72
copyleft 72
copyright 72, 110
COSCO 234
cosmopolis 58,63
Crabgrass 7
craft guilds 75
Craigslist 7-8
Crawford, Matthew 24
creative expression2
creative industry 21
creative resistance 7
creativity, industrialization of 21
crowd61-7,134
crowdsourcing 21, 88–9; of content
production 19, 219; as neoliberal
exception apparatus90–3
cubism 144
Cubitt, Sean 4
The Cult of the Amateur (Keen) 98
cultural imperialism 38
cultural labor 38–9
culturaltheory 34
culture: algorithmic233; centrality of 227;
fan 101; free 72; hybridization 38; publid
access 22; taste 101; see also subcultural
movements
currency, peer-to-peer 234
CWA see Communications Workers of
America
cyberlibertarians 42
cybernetics168
cyberprotest 22
cyborg200
“Cyborg Manifesto" (Haraway) 34
Cygnus 49
database economy 62
data mining 16, 151–2
Dean, Jodi 5, 211–12
Debray, Regis 175
De Kosnik, Abigail 5
Deleuze, Gilles 114, 120
Demand Media 14, 27

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