--- schema_version: "library-reader-v1" source_type: "original_book" title: "Digital Labor The Internet as Playground and Factory" author: null edition: null publisher: null year: null isbn: "9780415896948" library_document_id: "b4022252-f467-48d2-8a54-cef2d1038efc" source_sha256: "b76b52674e699a7d7369709c46c081ad5a82cdab89f79f34ec45b40bc1d8e8d3" pdf_physical_page_count: 325 pdf_physical_page_index_base: 0 range_start: 310 range_count: 10 html_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b4022252-f467-48d2-8a54-cef2d1038efc?start=310&limit=10" markdown_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b4022252-f467-48d2-8a54-cef2d1038efc.md?start=310&limit=10" previous_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b4022252-f467-48d2-8a54-cef2d1038efc.md?start=300&limit=10" next_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b4022252-f467-48d2-8a54-cef2d1038efc.md?start=320&limit=10" --- # Digital Labor The Internet as Playground and Factory > 页码规则：PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX 是从 0 开始的权威文件物理页索引；PRINTED_PAGE 是页面中识别出的印刷页码，可能为空，二者不得混用。 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=310 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED Lisa Nakamura is the Director of the Asian American Studies Program, Professor in the Institute of Communication Research and Media Studies program, and Professor of Asian American Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She is the author of Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet (2008) and Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity and Identity on the Internet (2002), and she is coeditor of Race in Cyberspace (2000) and Race After the Internet (2011). She has published articles in PMLA, Cinema Journal, Women’s Review of Books, Camera Obscura, and the Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies. Her research focuses on race and gender in online social spaces such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games, and she is currently investigating the racializaton of labor in transnational contexts and avatarial operations in a postracial world. Andrew Ross is a Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University. He is a contributor to The Nation, the Village Voice, New York Times, and Artforum, and he is the author of many books, including, most recently, Bird on Fire: Lessons from the World’s Least Sustainable City; Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times; Fast Boat to China—Lessons from Shanghai; Low Pay, High Profile: The Global Push for Fair Labor; No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and Its Hidden Costs; and The Celebration Chronicles: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Property Value in Disney’s New Town. Ned Rossiter is an Australian media theorist and author of Organized Networks: Media Theory, Creative Labour, New Institutions (2006). He was based in Perth, Melbourne, Ulster, Beijing, Shanghai, and Ningbo before taking up an appointment as Professor of Communication in 2011 in the School of Humanities and Communication Arts at the University of Western Sydney, where he is also a member of the Institute for Culture and Society. Rossiter is also an Honorary Research Fellow at the Centre for Creative Industries, Beida (Peking) University. He is a coresearcher on Transit Labour: Circuits, Regions, Borders (www.transitlabour.asia). ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=311 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED Trebor Scholz is an artist, writer, catalyst, and chair of the conference series The Politics of Digital Culture at The New School in New York City, where he is an Associate Professor of Culture and Media. His forthcoming monograph with Polity Press ofers a history of the social web and its Orwellian economies. In 2011, he coauthored (with Laura Y. Liu) From Mobile Playgrounds to Sweatshop City. Scholz is the editor of two collections of essays, Learning Through Digital Media (2011), and a volume on digital labor (2013). He coedited the Situated Technologies series of nine books and The Art of Free Cooperation (2007). Recent book chapters include “Facebook as Playground and Factory,” and “Cheaper by the Dozen: An Introduction to Crowdsourcing.” He also founded the Institute for Distributed Creativity, which is widely known for its online discussions of critical network culture. Scholz holds a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. He chaired seven major conferences including the MobilityShifts summit in 2011. www.digitallabor.org. Tiziana Terranova is Associate Professor in the Sociology of Communications at the Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale.” Her research interests lie in the area of the culture, science, technology, and political economy of new media. She is the author of Corpi Nella Rete (1996), Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age (2004), and numerous essays on new media published in journals such as Derive e Approdi, New Formations, Ctheory, Angelaki, Social Text, Theory Culture and Society, and Transversal. She is a member of the editorial board of the journal Studi Culturali (Il Mulino); associate editor of the journal Theory, Culture and Society; and a member of the Italian free university network UniNomade (www.uninomade.org). She occasionally also writes on matters of new media for the Italian newspaper Il Manifesto. McKenzie Wark is the author of A Hacker Manifesto (2004), Gamer Theory (2007), and various other works. He is Professor of Culture and Media at Eugene Lang College, The New School for Liberal Arts. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKenzie\_Wark. Soenke Zehle is Lecturer in Media Art and Design and has a long-time involvement in the collaborative conceptualization and implementation of transnational net.cultural art and research projects. Soenke is director of XMLab—Experimental Media Lab at the Academy of Fine Arts Saar, Ö Saarbrücken, Germany. For more information on her projects and publications, see www.xmlab.org. ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=312 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED Index actor-network theory 60 Acxiom 18 Adorno, Theodor 63–4 advertising 127, 217 aesthetics 121–4 afect 112–16 afinity groups 100 Agamben, Giorgio 139–41 algorithms 233–5 alienation: of capital 59; digital 154–61 alternative economies 22 Amazon 19, 79; see also Mechanical Turk America Online 33, 37, 48, 106 Andrejevic, Dean 5, 212 Anglo-American cultural theory 34 animism 65 Anonymous 233–4 Apache 48 apparatus 168; photographic 170; quantum character of 171 Appirio 160 apprenticeship 24 Arab Spring 54, 232–3 ARPANET 35 art: avant-garde 144; cinema 133 Asia, workshops of 28 Asians, dehumanization of 196 Associated Media 14, 27 attention economy 13, 214 audience, commodification of 2–3, 217 automaton 82–5 autonomists 33, 40–1, 44 autopoiesis 114 avatar 199–200 Aytes, Ayhan 5 Babbage, Charles 86–7 Barbrook, Richard 35–8, 46, 49 “Bartleby” 131 Baudrillard, Jean 139–40, 174 Bauwens, Michel 7 Baym, Nancy 153 behavior market vendors 18 Beller, Jonathan 3, 6 benefit-driven institutions 208–9 biopolitical capitalism 63 biosphere-friendly production 209 Bitcoin 234 blogs 5, 127–9 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=313 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED body 114–16 Boltanski, Luc 221 bourgeoisie 69, 139–40, 173 Buck-Morss, Susan 132–3 Buden, Boris 227–8 Burnett, Robert 153 calculating machine 86–7 capital: accumulation of 4, 26, 199, 215–19; alienation of 59; avatarial 199; circulation of 216; failures of 64; labor truce with 26, 69; as man 178; netarchical 208; peer-to-peer sharing and 8; social 18–19; writing and 167 capitalism: biopolitical 63; as class society 216; communicative 138; crisis of 208–9; expansion of 152; organizing against 21–2, 179; origins of 171; value extraction in 50 captcha 79–80 Castells, Manuel 92 Castronova, Edward 188–9, 199 Césaire, Aimé 178 Chaitlin, Gregory 119 Chapaev 133 cheating, in MMOs 188 chess 81, 85–6 Chess Player Automaton 81–4 China 189–90, 192 cinema 3, 132–5 city, sentient 235 civil liberties 4 class: capitalism and 216; consciousness, on social networks 6; hacker 71; knowledge 39–42; ownership 155; vectoral 69–71; wage labor and 217; web and 215–20 click signals 18 Clough, Patricia 4 Club Cultures (Thornton) 101 co-belonging 140–1 code 233 cognitive labor 91–2, 207 cognitive surplus 17 cognitive worker 93 cold civil war 70 Cold War 136, 198, 230 collective identity 138 collective intelligence 42–5 collectivity, suspicion of 140 commodification 171, 221; of audience 2–3, 217; of communication 89 commodity: dematerialization of 70; ephemeral 45–50; fan action on 100; profit generation from 216; recombinant 46 commons: communication and 221; creation of 208; free labor and 53; hacker embrace of 21; peer production oriented to 208–9; privatization and commodification of 221; slippage with 226 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=314 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED communication: commodification of 89; commons and 221; pleasures of 107 Communications Workers of America (CWA) 15 communicative capitalism 138 communism 220–2 consciousness 6, 27 consumer 25, 104 consumption, spectacular 142 content, production of 19, 218–19 content farm 14 control society 120 convenience, politics of 139 Convergence Culture (Jenkins) 8, 193 cooperation 21 COPS 22 copyfight 27 copygift 72 copyleft 72 copyright 72, 110 COSCO 234 cosmopolis 58, 63 Crabgrass 7 craft guilds 75 Craigslist 7–8 Crawford, Matthew 24 creative expression 2 creative industry 21 creative resistance 7 creativity, industrialization of 21 crowd 61–7, 134 crowdsourcing 21, 88–9; of content production 19, 219; as neoliberal exception apparatus 90–3 cubism 144 Cubitt, Sean 4 The Cult of the Amateur (Keen) 98 cultural imperialism 38 cultural labor 38–9 cultural theory 34 culture: algorithmic 233; centrality of 227; fan 101; free 72; hybridization 38; public access 22; taste 101; see also subcultural movements currency, peer-to-peer 234 CWA see Communications Workers of America cyberlibertarians 42 cybernetics 168 cyberprotest 22 cyborg 200 “Cyborg Manifesto” (Haraway) 34 Cygnus 49 database economy 62 data mining 16, 151–2 Dean, Jodi 5, 211–12 Debray, Regis 175 De Kosnik, Abigail 5 Deleuze, Gilles 114, 120 Demand Media 14, 27 democracy: foreclosure of 176; participatory 212, 215; spectacles of 7; virtual worlds and 192 Denning, Michael 26 deprivation 155 Derrida, Jacques 60 De Soto, Hernando 59 determinism, technological 22 Diaspora 7, 222 digital alienation 154–61 digital economy 35–9; masculine labor in 48; morality and 52; updating in 105; user participation in 52 The Digital Economy (Tapscott) 37 digitality 171–2 digital labor 15, 79 digital media: backlash against 33; as facilitators 16; glamorization of 33; infrastructure of 157; political economy of 225; social movements and 3 digitization 6, 168, 177 disciplinary society 137 Discipline and Punish (Foucault) 82 discourse 172; demotion of 166, 176; racial 194–6, 198; scientific 87 Discourse on Colonialism (Césaire) 178 distributed labor 20 distributed workplaces 20–2 docility 83 do-it-yourself economy 30 domesticity, idealized 135 domination, informatics of 34 donation, of labor 21 Dreamworld and Catastrophe (Buck-Morss) 132 Dyson, Esther 155 economy: alternative 22; attention 13, 214; database 62; do it-yourself 30; free 46; of Internet 46, 50; new 35; participatory 212; political 58–61, 225; server 198, 200; see also digital economy; gift economy Eisenstein, Sergei 132 e-lance operations 20 end-user license agreement 156, 194 Enlightenment 83, 86–7 entertainment industry 23 entertainment unions 22–3 environmentalism 60 environmental sustainability 209–10 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus 173–4 ephemeral commodities 45–50 epistemic changes 178 essentialism 228 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=315 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=316 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED Everquest 187 exegesis 176 exploitation: free labor and 107, 151–4; of gullibility 158; internships as 25; of labor 1; Marxist understanding of 154; on Mechanical Turk 91; monitoring and 161–2; on networks 152; ownership and 155–6; pleasure and 153; self 21, 25, 107 Facebook 2; participation and 212–13; politics on 213; revenue of 17; separation by 157 factory, social 25, 33–4, 52, 74 factory labor 30, 135 false consciousness 27 fan(s) 5, 98; commodities and 100; compensation of 109–10; customization by 102; as ideal consumers 104; identities of 104–5; ideology of 104; labor of 99; object relationship with 100, 103; organization of 109; volunteerism 108–9 fan culture 101 Fan Cultures (Hills) 103 fandom: as free labor 99; insanity and 98; pseudonymity and 108; social dimension of 102 feminism 135, 217 feminization, of work 24, 30 film 3, 132–5 financialization 6, 229 flash mobs 138–9 Flusser, Vilém 87–8, 168–71 Fordism 28, 70 Foucault, Michel 58, 82–3, 88, 120, 165, 176–7 Foxconn 28–9, 220 Fox networks 22 “Fragment on Machines” (Marx) 44, 59 free culture 72 free economy 46 free labor 4; availability of 16; commons and 53; ephemeral commodities and 45–50; exploitation and 107, 151–4; fandom as 99; in online communities 106; solidarity and 209; see also internships Freelancers Union 15 freelance writers 13–14 free markets 22 Freud, Sigmund 142 Fuchs, Christian 7 future, algorithmic 233–5 Galloway, Alexander 2 game 6, 194, 201; see also massively multiplayer online game gamification 73–4 Gastarbeiter (guest worker) 5, 92 gender 24, 127–8 general intellect 26, 44, 225–7 generative technology 232 Gibson, William 70 gift 72 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=317 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED gift economy 36–8; in MUDs 191; Netscape and 49 Gilroy, Paul 34–5 globality 234 gold farmers 188; economic need of 195; killing of 195, 199; machinima against 195; race and 189–90, 192–3, 197; as virtual migrants 190, 192 Google: AdSense 110; participation and 212–13; revenue of 17 Gou, Terry 29 A Grammar of the Multitude (Virno) 60 Great Recession 15, 17, 24 Greece 234 Grundrisse (Marx) 44 guest worker 5, 92 hacker 73; class of 71; ethics of 21 Haraway, Donna 34 Hardt, Michael 90, 136–8, 152 Harman, Graham 122 Harold, Christine 72 “Heat-Death” (Parisi and Terranova) 114 Hebdige, Dick 99–100 Hesmondhalgh, David 154–5 Hills, Matt 102–5 historicity, waning of 181 HIT see human intelligence task hive mind 42–3 Hollywood 18, 133 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. 28 Horvarth, John 49 Howe, Jef 88–9 HTML 149 Hufington, Ariana 13 Hufington Post 4, 13–14 human authentication tool 79 human exception 65 human intelligence task (HIT) 79 humanism 43 The Human Use of Human Beings (Wiener) 168 IBM 29 identity: choice of 137; collective 138; fan 104–5; national 132; non- 65; symbolic 137 ideology 104, 174, 211 immaterial labor 39–42, 89, 152 immigration 92 imperialism, cultural 38 India 26 individual 182 informatics 34, 182 insanity 98 integrative production 29 intellect: endeavor of 75; general 26, 44, 225–7; mass 45 intellectual history 181 intellectual property 27 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=318 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED International Gaming Exchange 188, 195 Internet: commercialization of 46; communist 220–2; economy of 46, 50; monitoring on 149–50; new humanism with 43; organization of 42–3; participatory 211; political potential of 39; self-expression on 18; social life on 1; studies of 211; sustainability of 47, 106; users of 39–40; see also web Internet as Playground and Factory 1 internships 4, 17, 23–5 Ipeirotis, Panos 80 Jenkins, Henry 8, 98, 102–3, 193 job gratification 21 Keen, Andrew 98 Kelly, Kevin 42–3 Kempelen, Wolfgang von 81–4 knowledge class 39–42 knowledge workers 37, 39–40 labor: capital truce with 26, 69; cognitive 91–2, 207; creative expression and 2; cultural 38–9; digital 15, 79; distributed 20; donation of 21; exploitation of 1; factory 30, 135; of fans 99; immaterial 39–42, 89, 152; living 29; Marxist analysis of 34; masculine understanding of 48; play- 26; in prison 16; productivity of 231; token-wage 16; unwaged 2, 26; wage 217; see also free labor labor arbitrage 91–2 labor movement 16 labor-power, collapse of 231 labor theory of value 26 LambdaMOO 190 language 143, 175–6 Lazzarato, Maurizio 2, 40–1 Lehman, Chris 27 Leibniz, Gottfried 85 letters to the editor 19 Levy, Pierre 42–3 Lewis, Andrew 18 liberalism 197–8, 228 Lineage II 187–8 literary agents 15 living labor 29 logistics 230–1 Lovink, Geert 21 Lynch, Liam 130 machines: calculating 86–7; chess-playing 81; Marx on 44, 59; responsive 2 machinima 193–6; as breakthrough medium 200; as game extension 194; racial discourse in 194–6, 198 McLuhan, Marshall 173 McRobbie, Angela 27, 30 Mago, Rajesh 91–2 man, as capital 178 management, of knowledge workers 37 manufacturers, high tech 28 Margulis, Lynn 118 market: behavior 18; Foucault on 120; free 22 marketing: feedback-based 158; viral 73; web 2.0 as 211 Marx, Karl 2, 16, 29, 59, 215–18; on alienation 158; on exploitation 154; on labor analysis 34; on labor theory of value 26; on machines 44, 59 Marxist feminism 217 massively multiplayer online game (MMO): avatars in 191; cheating in 188; democratic potential of 192; as global medium 189; race in 188, 191; social norms on 198; see also gold farmers massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) 187 mass media 132, 134 Massumi, Brian 114 mathematics 119 matter 112–14, 155 Mayr, Otto 85 Mazzarella, William 89 measure 116–24 Mechanical Turk 19–20, 79–81; demographics of 80–1; exploitation on 91 media 115–16; address 132; critiques of 174–5; history of 175; mass 132, 134; old 22–3; response to 174; social 211, 218; studies of 115; technologies 116–21; see also digital media Media Manifestos (Debray) 175 mediator, vanishing 172 mediology 175 medium, as message 173 Melville, Herman 131 microtasks 20 milieu 120–1 mind: hive 42–3; as spiritual automaton 85 minstrel shows 200 MMO see massively multiplayer online game MMORPG see massively multiplayer online role-playing game mobile devices 225 mobile workers 29–30 monitoring 149–50, 161–2 MOO see MUD, object oriented morality 52 moral panic 108 movement: labor 16; Occupy 54, 73, 232–3; open source 48; peer-to-peer 66; social 3; see also subcultural movements MUD see multi-user dungeon MUD, object oriented (MOO) 190 multitude 90 multi-user dungeon (MUD) 190–1 MySpace 127 myth making 18 Nadeem, Shehzad 92 Nakamura, Lisa 6 name recognition 19 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=319 | PRINTED_PAGE=NOT_DETECTED 下一段：[继续读取](https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/b4022252-f467-48d2-8a54-cef2d1038efc.md?start=320&limit=10)