奎克的藏经阁 · MinerU 解析内容

未来简史:从智人到智神

486 个 PDF 物理页 · 本页显示文件第 171–180 页

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The Epidemiological Transition:A Theory of Population Change’,Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 83:4 (2005), 731–57; Thomas McKeown,The Modern Rise of Populations (New York:Academic Press, 1976); Simon Szreter,Health and Wealth:Studies in History and Policy (Rochester:University of Rochester Press, 2005); Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chul Hong,The Changing Body:Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700 (New York:Cambridge University Press, 2011); James C. Riley,Rising Life Expectancy:A Global History (New York:Cambridge University Press, 2001).

[14] ‘Cholera’, World Health Organization, February 2014, accessed 18 December 2014,

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html.

[15] ‘Experimental Therapies:Growing Interest in the Use of Whole Blood or Plasma from Recovered Ebola Patients’, World Health Organization, September 26, 2014, accessed 23 April 2015, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/26–september-2014/en/ .

[16] Hung Y. Fan, Ross F. Conner and Luis P. Villarreal,AIDS:Science and Society , 6th edn (Sudbury:Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011).

[17] Peter Piot and Thomas C. Quinn, ‘Response to the AIDS Pandemic – A Global Health Model’,TheNew England Journal of Medicine 368:23 (2013):2210–18.

[18] 在官方数据中,从未将“老死”列入死因。如果某位妇人年老体衰,最终因为某种感染而再也撑不下去,账面上就会将感染列为正式死因。因此从官方数据来看,因传染病而死的人仍然占总死亡人数的20%以上。然而现在的情形绝对已经和过去大为不同:当时传染病带走的是大批儿童及健壮成年人的生命。

[19] David M. Livermore, ‘Bacterial Resistance:Origins, Epidemiology, and Impact’,Clinical Infectious Diseases 36:s1 (2005), s11–23; Richards G. Wax et al., ed.,Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials , 2nd edn (Boca Raton:CRC Press, 2008); Maja Babic and Robert A. Bonomo, ‘Mutations as a Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance’,

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[23] Azar Gat,War in Human Civilization (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006), 130–1; Steven Pinker,The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined (New York:Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein,Winning the War on War:The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York:Dutton, 2011); Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence’,Evolution and Human Behavior 34:1 (2013), 29–34; I. J. N. Thorpe, ‘Anthropology, Archaeology, and

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[29] Mick Brown, ‘Peter Thiel:The Billionaire Tech Entrepreneur on a Mission to Cheat Death’,Telegraph , 19 September 2014, accessed 19 December 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11098971/Peter-Thiel-thebillionaire-tech-entrepreneur-on-a-mission-to-cheat-death.html.

[31] Beatrice Scheubel,Bismarck ’s Institutions:A Historical Perspective on the Social Security Hypothesis (Tubingen:Mohr Siebeck, 2013); E. P. Hannock,The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850 –1914 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2007).

http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive\_charts/mental\_health/suicide\_ra

[34] David G. Myers, ‘The Funds, Friends, and Faith of Happy People’,American Psychologist 55:1 (2000), 61; Ronald Inglehart et al., Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness:A Global Perspective (1981– 2007)’,Perspectives on Psychological Science 3:4 (2008), 264–85.同时参 见Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’,American Psychologist 54:10 (1999), 821–7; Gregg Easterbrook,The Progress Paradox:How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse (New York:Random House, 2003).

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[37] Oliver Turnbull and Mark Solms,TheBrain and the Inner World [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv:Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2005), 92–6; Kent C. Berridge and Morten L. Kringelbach, ‘Affective Neuroscience of Pleasure:Reward in Humans and Animals’,Psychopharmacology 199 (2008), 457–80; Morten L. Kringelbach,The Pleasure Center:Trust Your Animal Instincts (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2009).

[39] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html, accessed 4 January 2016; Sarah Harris, ‘Number of Children Given Drugs for ADHD Up Ninefold with Patients As Young As Three Being Prescribed Ritalin’,Daily Mail , 28 June 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2351427/Number-children-givendrugs-ADHD-ninefold-patients-young-THREEprescribed-Ritalin.html, accessed 4 January 2016; International Narcotics Control Board (UN),Psychotropics Substances, Statistics for 2013, Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements 2014 , 39–40.

[41] Bradley J. Partridge, ‘Smart Drugs “As Common as Coffee”:Media Hype about Neuroenhancement’,PLoS One 6:11 (2011),

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[42] Office of the Chief of Public Affairs Press Release, ‘Army, Health Promotion Risk Reduction Suicide Prevention Report, 2010’, accessed 23 December 2014, http://csf2.army.mil/downloads/HP-RR-SPReport2010.pdf; Mark Thompson, ‘America’s Medicated Army’,Time , 5 June 2008, accessed 19 December 2014, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1812055,00.html; Office of the Surgeon Multi-National ForceIraq and Office of the Command Surgeon, ‘Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) V Operation Iraqi Freedom 06–08:Iraq Operation Enduring Freedom 8:Afghanistan’, 14 February 2008, accessed 23 December 2014, http://www.careforthetroops.org/reports/Report-MHATV-4–FEB-2008– Overview.pdf.

[43] Tina L. Dorsey, ‘Drugs and Crime Facts’, US Department of Justice, accessed 20 February 2015, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dcf.pdf; H. C. West, W. J. Sabol and S. J. Greenman, ‘Prisoners in 2009’, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (December 2010), 1–38; ‘Drugs And Crime Facts:Drug use and Crime’, US Department of Justice, accessed 19 December 2014, http://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/duc.cfm; ‘Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, July to September 2014’, UK Ministry of Justice, 29 January 2015, accessed 20 February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statisticsquarterly-julyto-september-2014.; Mirian Lights et al., ‘Gender Differences in Substance Misuse and Mental Health amongst Prisoners’, UK Ministry of Justice, 2013, accessed 20 February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/ substance-misuse-mental-healthprisoners.pdf; Jason Payne and Antonette Gaffney, ‘How Much Crime is Drug or Alcohol Related?Self-Reported Attributions of Police Detainees’,Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 439 (2012), http://www.aic.gov.au/media\_library/publications/tandi\_pdf/tandi439.pdf, accessed 11 March 2015; Philippe Robert, ‘The French Criminal Justice

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[44] Betsy Isaacson, ‘Mind Control:How EEG Devices Will Read Your Brain Waves And Change Your World’,Huffington Post , 20 November 2014, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/mindcontrol-how-eeg-devicesread-brainwaves\_n\_2001431.html; ‘EPOC Headset’,Emotiv , http://emotiv.com/store/epoc-detail/; ‘Biosensor Innovation to Power Breakthrough Wearable Technologies Today and Tomorrow’,NeuroSky , http://neurosky.com/.

[46] Meika Loe,The Rise of Viagra:How the Little Blue Pill Changed Sex in America (New York:New York University Press, 2004).

[47] Brian Morgan, ‘Saints and Sinners:Sir Harold Gillies’,Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England , 95:6 (2013), 204–5; Donald W. Buck II, ‘A Link to Gillies:One Surgeon’s Quest to Uncover His Surgical Roots’,Annals of Plastic Surgery 68:1 (2012), 1–4.

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iref=allsearch.

[51] Lionel S. Smith and Mark D. E. Fellowes, ‘Towards a Lawn without Grass:The Journey of the Imperfect Lawn and Its Analogues’,Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscape 33:3 (2013), 158–9; John Dixon Hunt and Peter Willis, ed.,The Genius of the Place:The English Landscape Garden 1620 –1820 , 5th edn (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2000), 1–45; Anne Helmriech,The English Garden and National Identity:The Competing Styles of Garden Design 1870 –1914 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1–6.

[53] ‘Canis lupus ’, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3746/1; ‘Fact Sheet:Gray Wolf’,Defenders of Wildlife , accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.defenders.org/gray-wolf/basic-facts; ‘Companion Animals’,IFAH , accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html; ‘Global Review 2013’, World Animal Protection, accessed 20 December 2014, https://www.worldanimalprotection.us.org/sites/default/files/us\_files/glob

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[55] Anthony D. Barnosky, ‘Megafauna Biomass Tradeoff as a Driver of Quaternary and Future Extinctions’,PNAS 105:1 (2008), 11543–8;关于狼和 狮子: William J. Ripple et al., ‘Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores’,Science 343:6167 (2014), 151;Stanley Coren 博士认为世界上有大约5亿条狗: Stanley Coren, ‘How Many Dogs Are There in the World’,Psychology Today , 19 September 2012, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201209/how-manydogsare-there-in-the-world;关于猫的数目,请见: Nicholas Wade, ‘DNA Traces 5 Matriarchs of 600 Million Domestic Cats’,New York Times , 29 June 2007, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29ihtcats.1.6406020.html;关于非 洲水牛,请见: ‘Syncerus caffer’, IUCN Red List of Threa- tened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21251/0;关于牛的数目,请见: David Cottle and Lewis Kahn, ed.,Beef Cattle Production and Trade (Collingwood:Csiro, 2014), 66;关于鸡的数目,请见: ‘Live Animals’,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:Statistical Division , accessed December 20, 2014, http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QA/E;关于黑 猩猩的数目,请见: ‘Pan troglodytes’, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15933/0.

[56] Richard Inger et al., ‘Common European Birds are Declining Rapidly While Less Abundant Species’ Numbers Are Rising’,Ecology Letters 18:1 (2014), 28–36; ‘Live Animals’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed 20 December 2014, http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/default.aspx#ancor.

[57] Simon L. Lewis and Mark A. Maslin, ‘Defining the Anthropocene’,Nature 519 (2015), 171–80.

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5; Bary W. Brook and David M. J. S. Bowman, ‘The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna’,Journal of Biogeography 31:4 (2004), 517–23; Gifford H. Miller et al., ‘Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction’,Science 309:5732 (2005), 287–90; Richard G. Roberts et al., ‘New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna:Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago’,Science 292:5523 (2001), 1888–92; Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ‘A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’,Quaternary Science Reviews 25:21–2 (2006), 2692–703; Barry W. Brooks et al., ‘Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent?Comments on “A Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation”by S. Wroe and J. Field’,Quaternary Science Reviews 26:3–4 (2007), 560–4; Chris S. M. Turney et al., ‘Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction’,PNAS 105:34 (2008), 12150–3; John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’,Science 292:5523 (2001), 1893– 6; J. F. O’Connel and J. Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul (Australia-New Guinea) and the Archaeology of Early Modern Humans’, inRethinking the Human Evolution:New Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans , ed. Paul Mellars (Cambridge:McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007), 400–1.

[59] Graham Harvey,Animism:Respecting the Living World (Kent Town:Wakefield Press, 2005); Rane Willerslev,Soul Hunters:Hunting, Animism and Personhood Among the Siberian Yukaghirs (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2007); Elina Helander-Renvall, ‘Animism, Personhood and the Nature of Reality:Sami Perspectives’,Polar Record 46:1 (2010), 44–56; Istvan Praet, ‘Animal Conceptions in Animism and Conservation’, inRoutledge Handbook of Human-Animal Studies , ed. Susan McHaugh and Garry Marvin (New York:Routledge, 2014), 154–67; Nurit Bird-David, ‘Animism Revisited:Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology’,Current Anthropology 40 (1999): s67–91; N. Bird-David,