智人之上：从石器时代到AI时代的信息网络简史

Lis Bates et al., “Domestic Homicides and Suspected Victim Suicides During the Covid-19 Pandemic 2020–2021,” U.K. Home Of^fice, Aug. 25, 2021,
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6124ef66d3bf7f63a90687 ac/Domestic\_homicides\_and\_suspected\_victim\_suicides\_during \_the\_Covid-19\_Pandemic\_2020-2021.pdf; Benedetta Barchielli et al., “When ‘Stay at Home’ Can Be Dangerous: Data on Domestic Violence in Italy During COVID-19 Lockdown,”International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (2021), article 8948.

1. Jingxuan Zhao et al., “Changes in Cancer-Related Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States,”Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16 (2022): 6581; Abdul Rahman Jazieh et al., “Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Care: A Global Collaborative Study,”JCO Global Oncology 6 (2020): 1428–38; Camille Maringe et al., “The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Deaths due to Delays in Diagnosis in England, UK: A National, Population-Based, Modelling Study,”Lancet Oncology 21, no. 8 (2020): 1023–34;Allini Mafra da Costa et al., “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer-Related Hospitalizations in Brazil,”Cancer Control 28 (2021): article 10732748211038736; Talía Malagón et al., “Predicted Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Care Delays on Cancer Mortality in Canada,”International Journal of Cancer 150, no. 8 (2022): 1244–54.

1. Chalmers, Reality+.

1. Brian Fung, “Here’s What We Know About Google’s Mysterious Search Engine,”Washington Post, Aug. 28, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/08/28/heres whatwe-really-know-about-googles-mysterious-search-engine/; Geoffrey A. Fowler, “AI is Changing Google Search: What the I/O Announcement Means for You,”Washington Post,May 10, 2023, www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/10/google-searchai-io-2023/;Jillian D’Onfro, “Google Is Making a Giant Change This Week That Could Crush Millions of Small Businesses,”Business Insider, April 20, 2015, www.businessinsider.com/google mobilegeddon-2015-4.

1. SearchSEO, “Can I Improve My Search Ranking with a Traffic Bot,” accessed Jan. 11, 2024, www.searchseo.io/blog/improveranking-with-traffic-bot; Daniel E. Rose, “Why Is Web Search So Hard . . . to Evaluate?,”Journal of Web Engineering 3, no. 3 and 4 (2004): 171–81.

1. Michael Lewis, The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine (New York: W. W.Norton, 2010); Marcin Wojtowicz, “CDOs and the Financial Crisis: Credit Ratings and Fair Premia,”Journal of Banking and Finance 39 (2014): 1–13; Robert A. Jarrow, “The Role of ABS, CDS, and CDOs in the Credit Crisis and the Economy,”Rethinking the Financial Crisis 202 (2011): 210–35; Bilal Aziz Poswal, “Financial Innovations: Role of CDOs, CDS,and Securitization During the US Financial Crisis 2007– 2009,”Ecorfan Journal 3, no. 6(2012): 125–39.

1. Vincent Bakpetu Thompson, The Making of the African Diaspora in the Americas, 1441–1900(London: Longman, 1987); Mark M. Smith and Robert L. Paquette, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); John H. Moore, ed., The Encyclopedia of Race and Racism (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008); Jack D. Forbes, “The Evolution of the Term Mulatto: A Chapter in Black– Native American Relations,”Journal of Ethnic Studies 10, no. 2 (1982): 45–66; April J. Mayes, The Mulatto Republic: Class, Race, and Dominican National Identity (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014); Irene Diggs, “Color in Colonial Spanish America,”Journal of Negro History 38, no. 4 (1953): 403–27.

1. Sasha Costanza-Chock, Design Justice: Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2020); D’Ignazio and Klein, Data Feminism; Ruha

Benjamin, Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code (Cambridge,U.K.: Polity Press, 2019); Virginia Eubanks. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018); Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2021).

1. Peter Lee, “Learning from Tay’s Introduction,” Microsoft Official Blog, March 25, 2016,blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2016/03/25/learning-taysintroduction/; Alex Hern, “Microsoft Scrambles to Limit PR Damage over Abusive AI Bot Tay,”Guardian , March 24, 2016,www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/24/microsoftscrambles-limit-pr-damage-over abusive-ai-bot-tay; “Microsoft Pulls Robot After It Tweets ‘Hitler Was Right I Hate the Jews,’”Haaretz , March 24, 2016, www.haaretz.com/science-andhealth/2016-03-24/tyarticle/microsoft-pulls-robot-after-it-tweetshitler-was-right-i-hate-the-jews/0000017f-dede d856-a37fffde9a9c0000; Elle Hunt, “Tay, Microsoft’s AI Chatbot, Gets a Crash Course in Racism from Twitter,”Guardian, March 24, 2016, www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/24/tay-microsofts-aichatbot-gets-a-crash-course-in-racism-from-twitter.

1. Yoni Wilkenfeld, “Can Chess Survive Artificial Intelligence?,”New Atlantis 58 (2019): 37.

1. Ibid.

1. Christian, Alignment Problem, 32; Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru, “Gender Shades:Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification,” in Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, PMLR 81 (2018): 77–91.

1. D’Ignazio and Klein, Data Feminism, 28; Jeffrey Dastin, “Insight —Amazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool That Showed Bias Against Women,” Reuters, Oct. 11, 2018, www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1MK0AG/.

1. Brinkmann et al., “Machine Culture.”

1. Suleyman, Coming Wave, 164.

1. Brinkmann et al., “Machine Culture”; Bengio et al., “Managing AI Risks in an Era of Rapid Progress.”

第三部分计算机政治学

我们所有人在未来几年所做的选择，

将决定召唤这种非人类智能究竟是个致命的错误，

还是会让生命的演化翻开一个充满希望的新篇章

第九章民主制度：我们还能对话吗？

文明的诞生，始于官僚制度与神话故事的结合。基于计算机的网络成了一种新型官僚制度，比过去所有基于人类的官僚制度都更强大，也更无情。这个网络也可能创造出存在于计算机之间的神话故事，其概念之复杂难解，将会远远超越所有人造的神祇。这个网络虽然有着无穷的潜力，但也可能使人类文明走向毁灭。

某些人可能觉得，早就听过太多文明即将崩溃的论调。每当出现强大的新科技，都有人焦虑世界末日就要来临，但人类至今仍然站在这里。随着工业革命的开展，卢德分子预期的末日场景并没有出现，威廉·布莱克笔下的^“黑暗的撒旦工厂^”反而造就了史上最富裕的社会。时至今日，大多数人的生活状况都比₁₈世纪的人好得多。马克·安德森与雷·库兹韦尔这些热情拥抱人工智能的人都保证，各种智能机器给人类带来的好处绝对会比过去所有机器带来的好处更大。人工智能能让人类享有更好的医疗保健、教育与其他服务，甚至还能协助拯救生态系统，使其免于崩溃。

遗憾的是，仔细研究历史我们就会发现，卢德分子并没有完全讲错，人类确实有充分的理由对强大的新科技抱持几分畏惧。就算这些科技到了最后的最后是利大于弊，但在那个快乐结局到来之前，人类往往得先经历百般磨难与考验。新科技在历史上之所以常常带来灾难，并不是科技本身有什么问题，而是人类得花点儿时间才能学会善用科技。

工业革命就是个很好的例子。工业技术在₁₉世纪开始传向全球，颠覆传统的经济、社会与政治结构，仿佛辟出一条道路，让人类有机会创造出更富裕、更和平的全新社会。然而，要学习建立一个良性的工业社会绝没有那么简单，得经过许多代价高昂的实验，还得产生数以亿计的受害者。

其中一项代价高昂的实验是现代帝国主义。工业革命发源于₁₈世纪晚期的英国。₁₉世纪，从比利时到俄国等其他欧洲国家，以及美国和日本，也纷纷采用了各种工业技术与生产方法。这些工业帝国的思想家、政治家与政党一致认为，唯有帝国的形式能够培养出工业社会。原因在于，不同于相对自给自足的农业社会，新兴的工业社会十分依赖外国的市场与原材料，而唯有帝国能够满足这样的需求。帝国主义者担心，如果国家走向工业化，但没征服任何殖民地，一旦碰上更无情的竞争对手，就无法取得重要的原材料与市场。有些帝国主义者还说，取得殖民地不仅是殖民者的生存所必需，对当地人民也有好处。他们声称，唯有依靠帝国体制，才能把新科技的好处带到所谓的未开发世界。

于是，英国、俄国这种已经属于帝国体制的工业国家开始大幅扩张，美国、日本、意大利、比利时这些国家也兴致勃勃。工业帝国的军队配备了量产的步枪与火炮，以蒸汽动力来运送，以电报技术来指挥，从新西兰到朝鲜，从索马里到土库曼斯坦，横扫全球。数百万原住民就这样看着自 己的传统生活被工业国家的军队的巨轮碾过。经过一个多世纪的苦难之后，大多数人才意识到工业帝国这个主意有多糟糕，并发现其实有更好的方法能建立工业社会，确保取得必要的市场与原材料。

关于如何建立工业社会，纳粹主义就是一场代价无比高昂的实验。希特勒这样的领导人认为，唯有极权政体能够充分驾驭工业革命释放的巨大力量。在他们看来，想在工业世界生存，就必须用极权体制来控制政治、社会与经济的所有层面，而第一次世界大战这场史上首见的^“总体战^”就是明证。但从好的方面来看，他们认为工业革命像是一个熔炉，熔去了之前所有社会结构中人类的缺陷与弱点，有机会创造出完美的新社会，成员都是纯净完美的超人类。