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# Capitalism-and-Its-Critics-A-History-From-the

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4. William Thompson’s Utilitarian Socialism

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6. Flora Tristan and the Universal Workers’ Union

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7. Thomas Carlyle on Mammon and the Cash Nexus

1. For Carlyle’s biography, see Fred Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle: A Biography (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983); “Thomas Carlyle: A Brief Biography,” The Victorian Web, https://victorianweb.org/authors/carlyle/carlyle4.html; also a good introduction at Henry David Gray, ed., Thomas Carlyle’s On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (New York: Longmans, Green, 1906), https://ia801608.us.archive.org/28/items/thomascarlyleson00carl/thomascarlyleson00carl.pdf.

2. Thomas Carlyle, “Signs of the Times,” 1829, The Victorian Web, https://www.victorianweb.org/authors/carlyle/signs1.html.

3.   Carlyle, “Signs of the Times.”

4.   Carlyle, “Signs of the Times.”

5.   Carlyle, “Signs of the Times.”

6.   Carlyle, “Signs of the Times.”

7.   Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle, 154.

8.   Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle, 202.

9.   Ralph Waldo Emerson, entry for March 5, 1838, in Bliss Perry, ed., The Heart of Emerson’s Journals (New York: Dover, 2014), 124.

10.   Thomas Carlyle, Chartism (London: James Fraser, 1840), 9.

11.   “The Newport Rising and Chartism in Wales,” BBC Wales, September 22, 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/zGNhgXwFT8TmZDhhnpnwP8/the-newportrising-and-chartism-in-wales; and Kathryn Rix, “Parliament Versus the People: The Newport Rising of 1839,” The History of Parliament, November 4, 2019, https://thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/2019/11/04/parliament-versus-the-people-thenewport-rising-of-1839.

12.   Carlyle, Chartism, 2.

13.   Carlyle, Chartism, 12.

14.   Carlyle, Chartism, 13.

15.   Carlyle, Chartism, 15.

16.   Carlyle, Chartism, 58.

17.   Carlyle, Chartism, 61.

18.   Carlyle, Chartism, 66.

19.   Carlyle, Chartism, 51.

20.   Carlyle, Chartism, 53.

21.   Carlyle, Chartism, 54.

22.   Carlyle, Chartism, 60.

23.   Carlyle, Chartism, 28.

24.   Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present (London: Chapman and Hall, 1843), 74, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13534.

25.   Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle, 526–27.

26. “Social Unrest and Income Tax,” National Museums Liverpool, https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/plug-riots#; and “General Strike 1842,” Chartist Ancestors, https://www.chartistancestors.co.uk/general-strike-1842.

27.   Gray, Thomas Carlyle’s On Heroes, 21.

28.   Carlyle to Edwin Chadwick, August 1, 1842, in Carlyle Letters Online, https://carlyleletters.dukeupress.edu/volume/15/lt-18420801-TC-ECH-01; Kaplan, Thomas

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