Labor and Monopoly Capital The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century

Rothschild, Emma, 123n

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, 189

Sears Roebuck Inc., 184

12-15

Royal College of Chemistry, 11I

Second International, 7

universal market and, 191–96

Pollard, Sidney, 42n, 44, 66, 180

Royal Institution (England), 92

Secretaries, 234–39

Social science (sociology), 96–97

Poverty of Philosophy, The (Marx), 12–13

Ruskin, John, 55n

Semi-skilled worker, 299

class conceived by bourgeois, 19–20

Preston, Andrew, 182

Russia. See Soviet Union

Caplow on myth of, 244–45

Marx and, 14n

Principles of Scientific Management, The (Taylor), 70–71, 79, 88

Edwards' creation of category of, 297–98

Sasuly, Richard, 111 scientific management and industrial, 60, 69n, 75n

Printing industry, 145

Schmidt, Alfred, 19n

Senate, U.S., Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty, 275

Socialism, 15–16

Privatangestellten in der Modernen Wirtschaftsentwicklung, Die (Lederer), 240

Schmidt (Taylor's subject), 72–73, 75n, 82,83

Service workers, 26, 248–57

Sorel, Georges, 307

capitalist production and, 250–52

Soule, George, 60n

Schon, Donald L., 186n

Fuchs' analysis of, 271–73

Soviet Union, 302n, 308n

Production process. See Capitalism; Labor process; Machinery

Science, 61, 114, 141–42, 294

applied to production, 59 job classification of, 248–50, 252–53, 301

capitalist industrial organization in, 8–11, 12

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 12, 159n craftsmanship supplanted by, 76, 91, 92–94, 107

historical determinacy of, 15–16

Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (Münsterberg), 98

scientific-technological revolution and, 264,265

Speier, Hans, 241–42

modern industry and, 107–12

skill and, 253–57

Spring, William, 274–76

Putting-out system, 42, 44

monopoly capitalism and, 112-13

social life of city and, 200

Stanback, Thomas M., Jr., 229, 232

scientific management and, 59–60 "Quantification of Human Effort and Motion for the Upper Limbs, The" (Ramsey), 123

universal market and, 194–96

Standard Oil Company, 184, 230

Science Management Associates, 26

Stanford University, 221

Scientific management, 175–76, 309

Sheetmetal shops, 140

State, monopoly capitalism and, 197–200

control as essential feature of, 62–63

Shop Management (Taylor), 81, 88

Steam engine, 108–9

Drucker's criticism of, 27, 60–61

Silberman, Charles, 300n

Ramsey, J. D., 123

Steel industry, 182

"Rationalization,"139, 145 of office work, 213-14, 217–18, 236 Taylorism and, 63

Singer Sewing Machine Company, 182

effects of, 86–94

Steinmetz, C. P., 112

industrial psychology and, 60, 96–99

Skill, 294–309

Stephenson, George, 91

labor process as focus for, 60–61

craftsmanship and, 307

Stigler, George J., 167–68, 249n

Edwards' classification and, 297

Lenin's appreciation of, 8–9

Relative surplus population. See Reserve army of labor

Surplus labor, 261. See also Reserve army of labor

office work and, 211–15, 217–18

mechanization and, 146–57, 294, 308–9

science and, 59–60

Renault plants (France), 141

office work and, 301

labor power and, 38–39

Taylor's principles of, 77–83

Research. See also Science monopoly capitalism and, 112–13 retail work and, 256–57

Marx on capital accumulation and, 264–65

technology and, 59, 60–61

service work and, 253–57

worker becoming machine under, 119–20

monopoly capitalism and, 197-98

Reserve army of labor, 163, 264–77 capital accumulation and, 266–67 changing composition of men and women in, 269–72 Marx's three forms of, 267–68

Scientific Office Management, A report on the results of applications of the Taylor System of Scientific Management to offices (Leffingwell), 211

Sloan, Alfred P., 184, 186

Surplus value, 177–78

Smith, Adam, 27, 52n, 55, 56, 69n, 91n, 219,307n

Marx on capitalist production and, 36n productive labor and, 284, 286–87, 292 on division of labor, 53–54

Sward, Keith, 101–2

Retail workers, 26

Scientific workers (scientists), 18, 167, 279,282

on service work, 251–52

low-cost labor and, 257–58

Smith Company, A. O., 168

Sweezy, Paul M., 6, 37n, 175, 177, 200, 270,270n

scientific-technical revolution and, 264, 265-66

Scientific-technological revolution, 114. See also Machinery; Technology

Smuts, Robert W., 189–90

on monopoly capitalism, 176

Snyder, John I., Jr., 153n

Swett, David D., 123n

wages for, 253

effects of, 264, 265–66

Social Democracy, 8

Swift, Gustavus, 182

Reuleaux, Franz, 127

labor process control and, 117–18

Roberts, Peter, 189

monopoly capitalism and, 175–76

Social relations, evolution of machinery and, 133-34

Rome (ancient), 44, 45

Systems and Procedures Association of America, 221

Scott, Walter Dill, 99

Marx's conception of technology and

334 Labor and Monopoly Capital

Index 335

Taylor, Frederick, 97–98, 214, 218

Methods-Time Measurement system and, 121–22

Usher, Abbott Payson, 127, 128n

from,204, 240–41

at Bethlehem Steel Company, 70-73

Crozier on proletarianization of, 90

control concept of, 62–76

of office work, 212-13, 220–24

Valéry, Paul, 31n

job dissatisfaction among, 21–22, 23-24

on establishing planning department, 87-89

Tinsmith, 52–53

Vauban (French engineer), 61

Mills on, 242–43

Tobacco industry, 182

Veblen, Thorstein, 34n, 112

Whittle, Frank, 91n

labor process focused upon by, 60–61

Tools, human evolution and, 34

on machine-imposed discipline, 199n

Whitworth, William F., 69n, 121

Lenin and, 8

machinery and, 131-32

on modern theory of marketing, 184–5

Willis, Robert, 127

machine-shop study by, 76–77, 135, 239

Torricelli, Evangelista, 109

Vietorisz, Thomas, 274–76

Women, 22, 177n, 306

at Midvale Steel Works, 63—70

Towne, Henry R., 137n

Münsterberg compared to, 98 in clerical, secretarial, and white-collar work, 90, 195, 205, 235, 238, 243–44

Transportation, 182, 188–89

Wages, 43–44, 191, 265, 280 ordinary management criticized by, 70, 79-80,81

job classification of workers in, 249

increased number in labor force, 270–71

Tryon, Rolla Milton, 188–89 for clerical and production workers, 205-6,253

reserve army of labor and, 266–67

scientific management principles of, 77-83

retail work and, 257

Commons on division of labor and, 56–57

Unemployment, 263

and unpaid labor of housewife, 195

for draftsmen and foremen, 170

technology and, 59, 59n, 76

Woodward, Joan, 129, 156, 299

education and, 303, 306

Ford introduces \$5 per day, 102–3

time study by, 120

Woolworth, F. W., 256n

Taylorism. See Scientific management and reserve army of labor, 267, 268–69, 274

Fuchs’ analysis of service work and, 272-73

Word Processing Institute, 239

Teachers, 18

Unions, 24, 100

Henle's study of, 274

Word Processing Report (journal), 239

Teamsters, 297–98

Technical workers, 18, 279, 282 capitalist integration of working class and, 7–8, 103

for men and women nonsupervisory workers, 271

Work in America (Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare), 21-22

scientific-technological revolution and, 263-64

United Fruit Company, 182

Taylor's method and, 68–69, 74

United States, 42, 99, 142–43, 197, 277

Wage-worker, Marx's definition of, 290 total employed in United States, 166–67, 169-70

Work Management in Machine Accounting (Morrison, Nolan, and Devlin), 223 clerical work in, 204–5

Walker, Charles R., 299–300

Work. See Labor; Labor process

Walker, Charles Rumford, 97n

Technische Hochschulen (Germany), 110 corporate research and monopoly capitalism in, 112-13

Wall Street Journal, 25

Workers, 54–55, 157–58

Technology, 7, 8, 176. See also Machinery genuine workers' control and, 308n

automation and skill of, 147–56

educational legislation in, 302–3

Wallis, George, 54n habituation to capitalist production of, 96-104

Walters, Roy W., 25

Marx on relation of society and, 12-15

government spending in, 200

industrial capitalism in, 188–91

Warner, W. Lloyd, 19

during mercantile capitalist period, 44n

numerical control and, 137–38, 139

job dissatisfaction in, 21–24

Washburn, Sherwood L., 34 occupational shifts and, 163-70 productive and unproductive (1820- 1970), 165–67

Watt, James, 87n, 91, 109, 180

science and early modern, 107–12

Latin American workers as lowest paid workers in, 266, 269

Taylorism and, 59, 59n, 76

Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 53, 219

reaction to scientific management, 94

technological determinist theory and, 11 nonagricultural workers in (1820- 1870), 163–70, 177

Wearing apparel industry, 145, 188

sale of labor power and, 35–40

Weber, Max, 83n, 100

Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, National Commission on, 147 patents granted in (1953), 91n separation of conception and execution for, 86–87

Welfare, 277

Theories of Surplus-Value (Marx), 251, 284

ratio of self-employed to wage workers in, 36

Western Electric Company, Hawthorne studies at, 69n, 99

simplified tasks and, 88, 89

Taylor and, 66-73, 78-83

service work in (1820), 250–51

Westinghouse Research Laboratories, 113 "Theory of the Human Operator in Control Systems" (Kraik), 124

time and motion studies and, 123–25

Universal Maintenance Standards, 154

Whelpton, P. K., 164n

urbanization's effect on, 91–94

Therblig charts, 120

Universal market, 194–96

White Collar (Mills), 19–20

Workers' control, 307–9

Thierry, Albert, 307

Universal Operator Performance Analyser and Recorder (UNOPAR), 122

White, Leslie A., 33

Working class. See also Surplus labor

Thilliez (French engineer), 141

Thompson, E. P., 93, 283n

Ure, Andrew, 52n, 59

White-collar workers, 225, 301–2. See also Clerical workers; Technical workers

Time studies, 120, 122–23

Urwick, Lyndall, 47, 62 bourgeois sociologists’ conception of, 19-20

clerical classification distinguished

capital's determination of, 261–62

336 Labor and Monopoly Capital

Index 337

Zwerman, William J., 14n

338

Labor and Monopoly Capital