Pressed for Time The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism

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31 Henry Mintzberg, The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).

35 Steven Appelbaum, Adam Marchionni, and Arturo Fernandez, “The Multi-Tasking Paradox: Perceptions, Problems and Strategies,” Management Decision 46, no. 9 (2008): 1313–25; Noelle Chesley, “Stay-at-Home Fathers and Breadwinning Mothers: Gender, Couple Dynamics, and Social Change,” Gender & Society 25, no. 5 (2011): 642–64; Larry Rosen, iDisorder: Understanding our Obsession with Technology and Overcoming its Hold on Us (New York: Palgrave, 2012); Victor Gonzalez and Gloria Mark, “Constant, Constant, Multi-Tasking Craziness”; Norman Su and Gloria Mark, “Communication Chains and Multitasking,” Companion Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 (New York: ACM CHI Companion, 2008), 262–63.

37 Rosen, iDisorder.

42 Noelle Chesley, “Technology Use and Employee Assessments of Work Efectiveness, Workload, and Pace of Life,” Information, Communication & Society 13, no. 4 (2010): 485–514.

Notes to Pages 101–106

41 Ibid.

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Use Patterns: Multitasking and Well-Being among Mothers and Fathers in Dual-Earner Families,” American Sociological Review 76, no. 6 (2011): 828.

45 Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998).

46 For example, Sennett’s gender blindness. See Judy Wajcman and Bill Martin, “Narratives of Identity in Modern Management: The Corrosion of Gender Diference?,” Sociology 36, no. 4 (2002): 985–1002.

47 Mary Madden and Sydney Jones, “Networked Workers.”

Chapter Five

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Chapter Six

Notes to Pages 128–140

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6 Mary Madden and Sydney Jones, “Networked Workers,” Pew Internet & American Life Project, September 24, 2008. http://pewinternet.org/Reports /2008/Networked-workers.aspx.

7 Linda Duxbury, Ian Towers, Christopher Higgins, and John Thomas, “From 9 to 5 to 24 and 7: How Technology Redefined the Work Day,” in Information Resources Management: Global Challenges, ed. Wai Law (Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2006).

8 Noelle Chesley, “Blurring Boundaries? Linking Technology Use, Spillover, Individual Distress, and Family Satisfaction,” Journal of Marriage and Family 67, no. 5 (2005): 1237–48.

9 Morgan, David, “Risk and Family Practices: Accounting for Change and Fluidity in Family Life,” in The New Family?, ed. Elizabeth Silva and Carol Smart (London: Sage, 1999), 20. See also Lynn Jamieson, Intimacy: Personal Relationships in Modern Societies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).

I have discussed elsewhere how Morgan’s conceptual ploy of treating the family as a verb has striking parallels with actor-network theory, in which nonhuman objects are conceived of as actants and society is viewed as a doing rather than a being. See Judy Wajcman, Michael Bittman, and Jude Brown, “Intimate Connections: The Impact of the Mobile Phone on Work/ Life Boundaries,” in Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications to Media, ed. Gerard Goggin and Larissa Hjorth (London: Routledge, 2008).

Peter Glotz, Stefan Bertschi, and Chris Locke, eds., Thumb Culture: The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2005); James Katz, ed., Machines that Become Us (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003); Katz and Aakhus, Perpetual Contact.

See Judy Wajcman, Michael Bittman, and Jude Brown, “Families without Borders: Mobile Phones, Connectedness and Work-Home Divisions,” Sociology 42, no. 4 (2008): 635–52; and Michael Bittman, Jude Brown, and Judy Wajcman, “The Mobile Phone, Perpetual Contact and Time Pressure,” Work, Employment and Society 23, no. 4 (2009): 673–79, for full details of this study. Although the research predates the heavy use of smartphones, it is still worth reporting as it is still a relatively rare, nationally representative survey combined with both interview and diary data.

This was confirmed by our analysis of the phone log data using the standard “family strains and gains scale.” Contrary to expectations, the number of calls made and received on a mobile phone is not significantly associated with increased work to family spillover (or work-family strain). It seems that job characteristics have a far greater influence on work-family spillover than mobile communications—especially work stress and if employees are working longer than their preferred working hours.

Rich Ling, The Mobile Connection (San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2004); Ling, New Tech, New Ties: How Mobile Communication is Reshaping Social Cohesion (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).

Emily Rose, “Access Denied: Employee Control of Personal Communications at Work,” Work, Employment & Society 27, no. 4 (2013): 694–710. In iPhone, whose functionality is locked by Apple, compared with generative PCs. While persuasive at the time, subsequent developments, such as the explosion of creativity around writing software applications, or apps, for the iPhone and iPad, tell a rather diferent story. Apple’s decision to open its devices turned out to be a brilliant commercial move, especially as they retain 30 percent of each app sale. Nonetheless, Zittrain’s point about the significance of generativity still holds.

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47 “As Boom Lures App Creators, Tough Part Is Making a Living,” New York Times, November 17, 2012.

48 Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 275.

49 See, for example, Manuel Castells, The Internet Galaxy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 374.

Chapter Seven

1 Robert Skidelsky and Edward Skidelsky, How Much Is Enough? The Love of Money, and the Case for the Good Life (London: Allen Lane, 2012), 16.

2 Ben Agger, Speeding Up Fast Capitalism (Boulder CO: Paradigm, 2004), 157.

1. More can be read about this on the Qualified Self movement website, at http://quantifiedself.com/.

4 Skidelsky and Skidelsky, How Much Is Enough?, 25.

5 Juliet Schor, Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth (New York: Penguin, 2010), 103. See also books by Benjamin Kline Hunnicutt, most recently, Free Time: The Forgotten American Dream (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2013).

6 They also note that working hours vary significantly between countries, with the United States and the UK being outliers with regard to long hours and income inequality, compared to, say, Sweden and the Netherlands.

7 See, for example, the writings of André Gorz.

8 Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness (London: Allen & Unwin, 1935); Paul Lafargue, The Right to be Lazy and Other Studies (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, 1883).

9 Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 172.

10 Jeremy Rifkin, Time Wars: The Primary Conflict in Human History (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1987), 197.

11 Jonathan Gershuny, After Industrial Society? The Emerging Self-service Economy (London: Macmillan, 1978).

12 Hilary Stout, “For Shoppers, Next Level of Instant Gratification,” New York Times October 8, 2013. Intriguingly, the man who is bringing us instantaneity has donated \$42 million to the construction of the Clock of the Long Now, which is supposed to tick for ten thousand years (see Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jef Bezos and the Age of Amazon [London: Bantam, 2013]).

Notes to Pages 158–172

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