Pressed for Time The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism

Notes to Pages 173–179

208

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Notes to Pages 179–183

209

Press, 2007), $2 7 6 ;$ her literature overview, “Feminist STS and the Sciences of the Artificial,” in The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3rd ed., ed. Edward Hackett et al. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008); and “Subject Objects,” Feminist Theory 12, no. 2 (2011): 119–45. On technoscience as a “material-semiotic practice,” see Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (London: Routledge, 1990).

Clive Cookson, “Inside the MIT Media Lab,” Financial Times, May 4, 2013. MIT is the interdisciplinary research and design center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. See Anne Balsamo, Designing Culture: The Technological Imagination at Work (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), for a unique vision of how we can gender the technological imagination.

42 Janet Roitman, Anti-Crisis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013).

Notes to Pages 183–184

41

42

210

Index

acceleration, 6–7, 13–35, 39, 40, 82, 163–64; aesthetics, 47. See also speed
acceleration society, definitions, 15–16
actor-network theory, 32
Adam, Barbara, 25, 40, 128, 163
aesthetics, 47, 49
afective computing, 132
Agger, Ben, 173
air transport, 55, 57
Alexander, Jennifer Karns, 178–79
Amazon, 172–73
answering machines, 171–72
Apple, 172, 181
architecture, 48
automobiles, 38, 48, 53–56, 180–81; assembly line, 53, 88, 89; self-driving/driverless, 178, 181; speed, 47, 49–50 (see also roads); and women, 53–54, 114
autonomy paradox, 103
avant-garde, 48

baby bottles, 29–30
Bales, Robert, 103
Ballard, J. G., 50
baths, 120–21
Bauman, Zygmunt, 56, 83
Beck, Ulrich, 59, 108
Berman, Marshal, 47
Bianchi, Suzanne, 67
bicycles, 55, 56, 182
Big Data, 172, 178
BlackBerries, 103, 137, 141
Bluedorn, Allen, 41, 106

Boltanski, Luc, 87
Bryson, Valerie, 129
busyness, 52, 61, 70–73, 83, 155; as cultural orientation, 72 cabling, 3
Carey, James, 45, 46
caring, 128, 129, 131–32. See also child care cars. See automobiles
Castells, Manuel, 18–19, 21, 24, 92
cell phones. See mobile phones
Chang, Ha-Joon, 111
change, technological, 4, 21, 90
Chaplin, Charlie, 43
Chesley, Noelle, 106, 141
Chiapello, Eve, 87
child care, 81–82, 118, 126–27; and fathers, 69, 117, 127
children: and mobile phones, 154; parents time with, 63, 67–68, 69
China, 56, 182
cities, 6, 7, 38, 50–53, 139; and automobiles, 48, 54
CityHome, 130
clocks, vii, 39, 40, 41, 42; Mumford on, 146; tyranny of, 2
clock time, 37, 42–43, 89; and labor, 43 Cockburn, Cynthia, 124
Cohen, Jared, 177
commodity markets, 46
communal households, 116
computing, afective, 132
connectivity, 7, 10, 26

211

Connolly, William, 27
consumption, 71, 83
convenience food, 76, 121, 124
convivial tools, 180
corporate executives, 72, 73
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz, 113–14, 115–16
Craig, Geofrey, 176
Craig, Lyn, 126–27
Crary, Jonathan, 26
Cresswell, Tim, 57

Davies, Karen, 128
Dean, James, 49
deceleration, 24, 27
desynchronization, 77, 78
diaries. See time diaries
Dickens, Charles, 38, 40
discretionary time. See free time
dishwashers, 119
domestic technology. See household technology
domestic work. See housework
Douglas, Susan, 177
dromology, 14, 22–24
dual earners, 65–66, 73, 77–78, 106, 116–17, 168
dynamics of expectations, 178

eficiency, 178–79
Einstein, Albert, 47
Elias, Norbert, 49
e-mail, 7, 30, 31, 92–93, 103, 140–41, 145, 170
e-mail overload, 7, 94, 95–97
emotional labor, 81, 126
energy, household consumption, 119–20
Engels, Friedrich, vii
engineering rationality, 90
expectations, dynamics of, 178
extreme jobs, 97–98
Facebook, 153, 157, 159, 181
families. See children; dual earners; parent
ing; single parents
families, networked, 145–50
family, sociology of, 113, 142
family meals, 76
family time, 78, 151
family-work spillovers, 141
fast capitalism, 17
fast food restaurants, 124–25, 176
financial trading, 3, 6, 17–18, 20–21, 72

flexible accumulation, 17
flows, 18, 19
food: convenience, 76, 121, 124; deliveries, 173. See also slow food
Ford, Henry, 53, 88, 89
Franklin, Benjamin, 6
Fraser, Nancy, 79
free time, 4, 62, 63, 65, 128, 167, 171; definition, 194n9; density of, 73–74, 80–81; and gender, 79–81; prestige reversal, 71
freeways. See roads
freezers, 119, 121
futures markets, 46
futurism, 47–48
Futurist Manifesto, 47
Garhammer, Manfred, 52
Gay, Hannah, 37, 43
gender: conceptions of time, 129; division of housework, 116–18, 167–68; and immobility, 57–58; leisure time, 79–81; and work, 66–67, 68, 79. See also women
generativity, 157
Gershuny, Jonathan, 71, 72, 73, 117
Giddens, Anthony, 45–46, 59, 108, 148
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 182
Gilroy, Paul, 54
Glennie, Paul, 41–42
Glucksmann, Miriam, 128
Google, 14, 30, 172–73, 179, 181
Gordon, Robert, 91–92
Green, Francis, 94–95
Greenwich Mean Time, 45

Habermas, Jürgen, 178
Haddon, Leslie, and Jane Vincent, 154
Hall, Edward, 105
happiness, 62, 83
Haraway, Donna, 26, 164
Harper, Richard, 154
harriedness, 4–6, 64, 164, 169; multifaceted,
74–75, 82–83
Harvey, David, 16–17, 47
Hassan, Robert, 25, 26
health, 56, 106, 131–32
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, 97–98
Hochschild, Arlie, 63, 67
household deliveries, 172–73
household management, 69–70
household technology, 111–35

index

212

houses, smart, 8, 129–30, 131
housewifery, ideology of, 115
housework, 8, 68, 81, 113, 116–18, 182; contracting out, 125–26; and gender, 116–18, 167–68
ICTs. See information and communication technologies
immediacy, 9, 52, 58, 173–74
industrialization, 42, 113–14
information age, 18
informational paradigm, 92
information and communication technologies (ICTs), 6, 9, 30; investment in, 91; work-life balance, 138–60; workplace impact, 7–8, 87–109
information overload, 24, 31, 95
innovation, 9, 11, 90, 180, 181
instantaneity, defined, 25
instantaneous time, 19
instrument-centered perspectives, 21–22
Internet, 2, 21, 30–31, 148, 171; as generative technology, 157–58; speed, 18, 45, 58; use, 92–93, 154–55
interruptions at work, 97–103
intimacy, 148–49, 150
inventiveness, 180–81
iPhones, 13
iTime, 173

Japan, 132, 133
juggling, 74, 78, 104
Kan, Man Yee, 117
Kern, Stephen, 43
Keynes, John Maynard, 163, 166, 167
kinkeeping, 148
knowledge workers, 99–102
Kristeva, Julia, 128

labor. See work
Lafargue, Paul, 167
landlines. See telephones
Latour, Bruno, 32, 50
Le Corbusier, 48, 130
leisure time. See free time
Lesnard, Laurent, 77, 78, 127
Leunig, Tim, 53
Licoppe, Christian, 146–47
linear model, 32
linear narratives, 15

Ling, Rich, 145–46, 152
liquid modernity, 56
Livingstone, Sonia, 151
Los Angeles, 54, 55
machine tools, 89–90
MacJobs, 92
mail-order catalogs, 173
Marcuse, Herbert, 178
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 47–48
marriages, 148–49
Marvin, Carolyn, 21–22
Marx, Karl, vii, 17, 40
mass media, 157
mass production, 53
McDonald’s restaurants, 124–25, 175, 176
McJobs, 92
media studies, 187n19, 188n36
metropolitan life. See cities
microcoordination, 144, 146
microwave ovens, 8, 112, 119, 123–24
military technology, 25
Milkie, Melissa, 67
MIT Media Lab, 130, 183
mobile phones, 7, 31, 33, 91, 135, 139–40, 169;
and children, 154; and intimacy, 8; use
patterns, 142–45; at work, 93, 95, 106.
See also smartphones
mobility, sociology of, 56–57
modernity, 45–46, 47; Virilio on, 23
money, 6, 17, 51
monochronic time, 105
Moore’s law, 2, 180
Morgan, David, 142
Morley, David, 57
Morozov, Evgeny, 181
motor cars. See automobiles
motorways. See roads
Mullan, Killian, 126–27
multitasking, 74, 78, 80, 84, 93, 104–7
Mumford, Lewis, 146
Mussolini, Benito, 48
nanotechnology, 23, 24
networked families, 145–50
networked workers, 91–94
Networked Workers survey, 93
network society, 18–22
Noble, David, 89–90
Nowotny, Helga, 1, 40
nursebots, 131–32

index

213

index

Ofer, Avner, 134
Ofer, Shira, 106
of scheduling, 77, 78
online shopping, 156, 171, 172
open-source software, 33
Orlikowski, Wanda, 199n28
Ormrod, Susan, 124
Otellini, Paul, 95
pace: of leisure, 73, 74; of life, 1, 13, 14, 16, 43,
50–52; measurement of, 64, 65, 154; of
work, 94–97
parenting, 69, 115, 126
Parkins, Wendy, 176
Parsons, Talcott, 113
performance management systems, 109
performativity, 189n42
personal computers, 91
personality types, 51–52
Petrini, Carlo, 175
Pew Internet survey, 92–93, 109, 140, 155
Pew “Networked Families” survey, 151
politics of time, 27, 63, 129, 167, 170, 184
polychronic time, 105–6
process time, 128
productivity, 91–92
Proust, Marcel, 38, 61
proximate future, 191
punctuality, 39, 41

quality time, 168

race, 54
railway journeys, 38
railway time, 45
Rainie, Lee, 105
Rakow, Lana, 148
refrigerators, 130
restaurants, fast food, 124–25, 176
Rifkin, Jeremy, 39
road bumps, 32, 50
road deaths, 49
roads, 48, 55
Robinson, John, 64, 67, 155
robots, 8, 129, 130–31, 132, 133, 177
Roomba vacuum cleaners, 130
Rosa, Harmut, 15–16, 34
Rose, Emily, 144
rush-hour trafic, 55
Russell, Bertrand, 167

Sahlins, Marshall, vii
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 62
Scharf, Virginia, 54
Scheuerman, William, 13
Schmidt, Eric, 177
Schneider, Barbara, 106
Schor, Juliet, 63, 64, 70, 166–67
science and technology studies (STS), 15, 27–35
search engines, 30, 179
sedentary human body, 50, 55, 56
self-logging wristbands, 13–14
self movement, 165
self-service, 172
Sennett, Richard, 38, 108–9
servants, 113, 115, 125–26
shopping, 71, 114, 118; online, 156, 171, 172 Shove, Elizabeth, 120, 121
showers, 120–21
Simmel, Georg, 7, 38, 48, 50–52, 137
single parents, 7, 66–67
Siri software, 13
Skeggs, Bev, 57, 59
Skidelsky, Robert and Edward, 166
sleep, 26
sleeping policemen, 32, 50
Slow Cities, 174
slow food, 9, 174, 175–76
slow living, 9, 174–76
smart houses, 8, 129–30, 131
smartphones, 2, 91, 141, 169, 171. See also
BlackBerries
SMS, 33, 143, 145, 152
social acceleration, 57
socializing, 75–76
social media. See Facebook; Twitter
social relationships, 8–9
social shaping of technology, 4, 6, 11, 90, 177 Social Shaping of Technology, The, 28, 89
Society for the Deceleration of Time, 174 software, 30, 171, 179–80; open-source, 33 Southerton, Dale, 74, 76, 78–79
speed: aesthetics, 47; allure of, 38–39, 47– 50; automobiles, 47, 49–50 (see also
roads); exclusivity, 57; intoxication of, 49; of machines, 43; nihilism of, 22–27; science of, 14, 22–24; as social progress, 44; of society, 13–14; valorization of, 38, 39; and warfare, 25. See also acceleration speed theory, 14, 22–24

214

spillover theory, 142
Sterne, Jonathan, 180
Stiglitz, Joseph, 62
stock and commodity exchange, 51
STS, 15, 27–35
Suchman, Lucy, 182–83
sufragettes, 54
Sullivan, Oriel, 73–74, 117

Taylorism, 89

technological change, 4, 21, 90

technological design, 89, 80

technological determinism, 21, 27–28, 116

technoscience, 26, 27

teenagers, 150–54

telephones, 21, 140, 148. See also mobile phones; smartphones

telegraph, 17, 21, 43–44, 45; and commodity markets, 46; as Victorian Internet, 44

telemedicine, 131–32

telephone answering machines, 171–72

television, 134, 154–55

Veblen, Thorstein, 71

Virilio, Paul, 14, 22–25

temporal density, 78–82, 104

temporal disorganization, 74–78, 79 virtual networks, 18; physical nature of, 14– 15, 20–21

Voth, Hans-Joachim, 53

temporal sovereignty, 11, 62, 164

Urry, John, 19, 21, 24, 56

transport, 23, 146

Turkle, Sherry, 132–33, 147, 150

transplantation, 23, 24

Twitter, 33, 45, 153, 181

town planning, 48, 139

temporal synchronization, 7, 39–40, 76–77

text messages, 33, 143, 145, 152

Warde, Alan, 76

Thompson, Edward, 37, 39–40, 41 washing machines, 8, 111, 112, 115, 121, 173; and slow rate of innovation, 133

week, five-day, 166

warfare and speed, 25

water, household consumption, 120

Weeks, Kathi, 167–68

Web 2.0, 33, 157

well-being, 62

Thrift, Nigel, 41–42

Wellman, Barry, 105

Wells, H. G., 47

time: chronoscopic, 24–25; disappearance of, 19; distribution of, 62; as epiphenomenon, 22; and gender, 128–29; in stantaneous, 19; and money, 6, 17, 37; monochronic, 105; and motion, 37–59; philosophy of, 185n3; politics of, 27, 63, 129, 167, 170, 184; polychronic, 105–6; pressure (see time-pressure paradox); process time, 128; quality of, 5; quantity of, 5; railway, 45; saving, 146; timeless, 19

Wolfe, Tom, 49

women, 7, 128–29, 183; and automobiles, 53–54, 114; as household employers, 125–26; mothering, intensive, 69. See also gender

work, 89; end of, 1; and gender, 66–67, 68, 79; interruptions at, 97–103; nature of, 108–9; pace of, 94–97

time culture, hierarchical, 170

work-family spillovers, 137, 141

working hours, 4–5, 9, 64–65, 70, 72, 166–71; eight-hour day, 166

working time, 7–8, 78, 87–109; reformulating, 165–66

working week, 64, 65, 75, 166

time diaries, 65, 70, 75, 155

work-life balance, 1, 142

timekeeping, 37–38, 42

World Internet Project, 155

timeless time, 19

World Wide Web, 171

time-management apps, 165–66

time-pressure paradox, 2, 5, 16, 61–84

xenotransplantation, 23, 24

time-space compression, 13, 16–17, 44–45

time thrift, 39

Yeager, Chuck, 49

time-use surveys, 7, 118–19

Tomlinson, John, 44, 48–49, 173, 174

youth, 150–54

Tomlinson, Mark, 74, 78–79

Yttri, Brigitte, 152

Zittrain, Jonathan, 157

index

215