Time The Modern and Postmodern Experience

Index

Achebe, C. 151
aesthetics: cyclical trends in 69-70
ageing of human populations 65-6, 69 of technologies 65-6
alienation 144, 147
arrow(s) of time 33, 54, 57, 154, 155, 157
arts 20
astronomy 78-9, 80
automation109-10

Bacon, F. 89
Balbo, L. 125
Bataille, G. 119
Benedict, Saint 94, 140
big bang 155, 156
biotechnology 98
Blumenberg, H. 16, 47,
80
Bowker, G. 82
Bureau International de
l'Heure 17

Cacciari, M. 85, 152–3
caesium 17, 83
calendar reform 37
capitalism: entrepreneurial 89–90, 91, 92
chronobiology 54
chronology 57 biblical 45 dating 58, 81 personal 59 scientific 84
cinematography 19
clocks 36, 37 caesium atomic 17 time-giving 12, 47
coincidences 43
communication technologies 18, 23-4, 28–9 available round the clock 99 cause neurosis 39 see also information technologies
consumption time 111-12, 118-20, 139 coordinated universal time 17 Copernican revolution 1 ‘core times' 99-100 creationism 84 Cronos (personification of time) 156, 157 creation myth 101 in Hogarth's art 85, 86,
88-9 in Goya's art 85 cyclicality in aesthetic trends 69-70 chaotic 154 orchestration of 71 in technologies 70; see also Kondratiev cycles see also time, cyclical v. linear death inevitable 142-3 of time 85, 86, 88–9,
100, 137 dictatorships 148-9 use temporal arbitrariness as terror 148 Donne, J.: quoted 45 Durkheim, E. 53 economics financial cycles in 63-4 post-Enlightenment practice of 89–90 and product life cycles 63 Einstein, A.: Relativity Theory 1, 20, 36 Elias, N. 6, 53, 67, 150–1 Enlightenment: control of time in 45-7 Enzenberger, H. M. 139
everyday life: changing concept of 102-4, 126
evolution 33-4 Darwinian theory 81 social 40, 61
expectation, horizon of 48
experience, individual 43-4 see also time, personal experience of
extended present combines cyclical and linear time 58, 65 contains cyclical time 54 in everyday life 102, 103, 136 replaces future 8, 10, 51-3, 71 social decision-making in 58-9
Fabricius 78-9
flexibility as new temporal norm 97-9 in production processes 110-11,129 relative 100 in time management 130
food technology 98
future 16 disappearance of 8, 10, 53 in Enlightenment 46 horizon of, opened up 48 impinges upon present 49-50 of next generation 52 possibilities 58
Galileo 150
geology affects perceptions of time 82, 83 conflicting with biblical Creation 81 economically significant 82 'Great Devonian Controversy' in 80 linear timescale of 80-1, 83, 84
God: superseded as Creator by science 82
Goya, F. de: pictures of time in Quinta del Sordo cycle 85

Index

173

Hall, E. T.: The Silent Language quoted 6

Hawking, S. W. 155

Hirschhorn, L. 110

history 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 57, 81, 146–7 and modernity 86-7

Hofmannsthal, H. von: Der Rosenkavalier quoted 6

Hogarth, W.: picture of dying time 85, 86, 88–9

Holl, A.: quoted 16

Hubert, H. and Mauss, M.: quoted 22

Husserl, E. 21

industrialization connected with linear system of time 15, 72, 83 temporal consequences of 47,55

time discipline imposed by 64, 94, 95, 137 see also working hours
information technologies expansion of 29, 111 and simultaneity 9, 10, 97-8 social implications of 29–30, 101 supersede machine-age technologies 97
innovation accelerating 10, 11-12, 62, 71, 92, 100–1, 156-7 analysis of 91 control over 71-2, 73 decelerating 62 defined as creative destruction’ 11, 90 desire for 51 and dissemination 96 evolutionary model for 61-2 Kondratiev cycles in 60, 61, 65, 91 and obsolescence 65, 66 'occurs in droves' 90-1 'proper time' of 62
international date line 24-5
intervals 145, 146-7, 148

Jahoda, M. 35

James, W.: definition of present 21

Joyce, J.: Ulysses 21-2, 158

Jungk, R. 65

Kern, S. 19
Kepler, J. 78–9

174

Index

knowledge classificatory tradition of 87 destruction of 88 scientific 75–6, 82, 83, 87-8
Kondratiev cycles 12, 60, 61,65
Koselleck, R. 43, 48, 146–7
Kracauer, S. 56-7
Kubler, G. 69-70
laboratory time 92–3, 100, 101, 149
labour see work
Lafargue, P. 119, 140
Lagergren, M. 126
Latour, B. 77
laziness: demise of 140
leap seconds 17
LeGoff, J. 16
leisure 30, 120 see also time, free, and work
Leroi-Gourhan, A. 66-7
literature 20
Lotka-Volterra equation 61
Luhmann, N. 43, 133
machines see industrialization
McLuhan, M. 29
management of time see time, management of
Marchetti, C. 60-1
market 23, 105, 107 see also money
Maruyama, M. 39
Marx, K. 47, 84, 91
mass consumption 139 importance of temporal

distinction in 92 see also consumption time measurement of time as cultural/social phenomenon 17-18, 55 homogenized 56 in physics 17, 56 precision of 17 medical services 123-4, 125, 126 Melbin, M. 99 'metronomic' society 55, 59 Middle Ages: time in 16, 25,36 Miller, A.: Timebends quoted 16 Mishnah: quoted 132 mobility accelerating 149 problematic 30 social 96 as temporal norm 95-6 modernity 86 moment, the 'right' 14, 15, 151–2, 153, 154, 157 money and free time 136 governs time 105–7, 127, 130 preferred before time 125, 128, 139 is time 55, 72, 111 Montesquieu, C. L. de S. 148 Müller-Wichmann, C. 135 Zeitnot quoted 102 Mumford, L. 47, 94–5 Murchison, R. 82 Musashi, Shinmen 143 music 20

Index

175

Nadolny, S. 32, 150
Negt, O. 104, 137
Neubaur, C. 144
Newton, I. 20 law of gravitation 1
Nietzsche, F. 154
night 'colonialization of’ 99 difference from day negated 19
Nizan, P. 142–3
past 'closed’ 58 in Enlightenment 45 see also history
physics 17, 20, 56, 150, 154
Planck's scale 17
poèsie simultanèe 27
Pomian, K. 54
potlatches 119
power: exercised by states over time and space 148
present characteristics of 58 in dictatorial regimes 149 impinged upon by future 49 perception of 21 ‘specious’41 see also extended present
Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. 7, 154, 155 Entre le Temps et l’Eternité quoted 75
prioritization 134
Pritchard, P. 123, 130
lex production technologies 47–8, 97, 109–11, 129 progress accelerating 46, 89, 149 ageing 65 collapsing 51 concept of 16 human 33 open-endedness 72-3 problems of material and social 48-9 sciences essential to 89 promises: temporal implications of 146 'proper time' and bourgeoisie 12–13, 38 concept of Eigenzeit 1-2 desire for 128, 131, 132-3, 157 emergence of 36, 38–9 individual 43, 144–5 and Relativity Theory 2-3, 38 social interpretation of 4-5, 41-2 of technologies 62 of women 13 Proust, M. 22
psychology 21
punctuality 64 quantum mechanics 20-1 queuing time 141 regularities, beauty of 62 religion superseded as time-giver by science 83-4, 151 time-giving function of 36–7, 56, 94, 105 see also God: superseded as Creator by science
Rinderspacher, J. P. 105
ritual as assertion of group over individual 31-2 preservation of objects through 71
Salomon, J.-J. 35
Sartre, J.-P. 142
Schumpeter, J. 11, 90, 91, 92
science laboratory v. field observations in 77-8, 88 researchers in, globally linked 78 v. magic and religion 75–6, 82, 83, 151 and progress 89 and society 75 sociology of 75, 76–7 time-structures created by 79, 80, 82, 151, 154, 156
simultaneity 9–10, 19, 22–3, 30, 31 discovered 27-8 illusoriness of 10, 33 problematic for anthropologists 34-5 in scientific research 78-9
'social time' 150
slowness 32–3, 150
social welfare legislation 114-15

176

dex 177 space-time continuum 155-6 speed accelerating, of industrial revolution 84 cult of 150 induces neurosis or shock 26-7, 84 sport 149-50 Stichweh, R. 88 state has power over time and space 148 fixes time systems 105, 106 stock markets 22-3 Taylorism 47-8, 97 technologies accelerating 11-12 availability of 93 communication see communication technologies cyclical trends in 70; see also Kondratiev cycles distrusted 25 impact of, upon perceptions of time 9-10 social alienation caused by 39-40 social habituation to 40-1, 93-5 social implications of 25–6, 27–8, 30–31, 33, 40 time-saving 18, 30 temporal uncoupling 98, 110

thermodynamics 20
time access to, unequal 133, 135 action in 14 alienation of 147 allocation of 114 biological rhythms of 6 and change 50-1 cyclical v. linear 54, 55, 57, 59–60, 73–4, 137–8 death of 100, 137 differing concepts of 53, 57, 100–1, 102, 132, 139 experienced as conflict 105,112-13, 134 experienced as power 143 as fourth dimension’1 free, and work 103–4, 108, 117–18, 120-1, 125-8, 136-7 iconography of 84–6, 88–9; see also Cronos individual v. global 18–19, 22, 27–8 linear 15, 54, 83 linear, superseded 64-5, 73, 137–8 management of 14, 134-5 measurement of 17, 18, 55,56 and medical profession 123-4 medieval 16, 25, 36 metaphors for 6-7 in non-Western cultures 9, 102, 132, 139, 151 personal experience of 6, 7–9, 13, 105, 144 political implications of 13, 107–8, 113, 127–8 private v. public 31, 38, 104–5, 113, 125–6 quality v. quantity 133 scientific understanding of 1, 84; see also geology; science shortage of / hunger for 96–7, 133, 134 social scientific study of 7,8 and social structures 6, 14,58 standardization of 18, 22, 24-5, 37 strategic concepts of 14, 143, 145 waiting, utilization of 141 see also arrow(s) of time; 'core times'; 'proper time'; queuing time; social time
time cultures conflicting 13, 113 non-Western v. Western 132, 139, 151 of women 104, 107, 127
Titanic 22
transport 18, 26, 110
truth: personification of, in art 86
Turkle, S. 39
uchronias 132, 136, 137, 139-41, 142

178

Index

and women 138-9 unemployment 113 lacking in status 107, 108 mass 109 temporal implications of 33,35 universe 154, 155, 156

Veblen, T. 120
Voltaire 87

waiting 141, 145, 148
waste and cultural evolution 66-8 and implications of throwing something away 70-1 problems of disposal of 11, 65, 66–9, 71, 72, 139 technologies for utilization of 67, 68
welfare state 121-3, 124, 126
Wiesenthal, H. 128
Winnicott, D. W. 144, 153
women less free time available to 30, 135

time culture of, different from men's 13, 104, 107, 113, 123, 127, 138-9 unpaid work of 113, 117, 118, 123 and welfare state 122-3 working lives of 115-16 work allocation of time for 114, 137 central to social security and status 121 desire for different temporal structure in 136 status of 117 unpaid, of women 113, 117,125 years spent in 115-16 see also time, free, and work working hours 30, 37–8, 95, 108, 109, 112 duration of 114 as political issue 104 Wright, G. H. von 50 wristwatches 132

Young, M. 40, 54, 139 Index by Fennifer Speake

Index

179