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# Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics
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ABc News, 159
absolutist conviction. See conviction, absolutist
Abu Ghraib prison, 72, 134
abundance: fantasy of, 25-30; value of scarcity vs., 179 -Sonu
address, structure or scene of, 136-42
Adorno, Theodor, 138
advertising: democratic rhetoric in, 36- 42; microchunking and rebundling of, 178ri16; MoveOn's contest of, 46; on television, 179-8onu. See also marketing
Mghanistan War, 8, 140, 174
airline stocks, 157
alien abduction beliefs, 155, 193n4
Al Jazeera (I?-edia), So, 82, 84
Amazon.com, 37
American Airlines flights n and 77, 157, 162. See also September u, 2001
analyst discourse, 79· See also pervert discourse
anti-Semitism: allegations of, 129
Anti-Terorism and .Efective Death Penalty Act ( 1996), 131
antiwar movement, 19-20. See also left (political)
anxiety, 591 132-331 150, 184n28
Apple computers, 36
Ashcroft, John, 157
Ashley, Victoria, 159
authority: Bush/ Cheney as doubling of, 117-18; collapse of, 8o; of facts, 88- 89; ofpolitical entity, 187n29. See also certainty and credibility; master discourse
Avery, Dylan, 156
"awareness" campaigns, 6-7, 47-48
"axis of evil": Bush's resolve to naming, 87; Bush's self-presentation in, 121; eradication intent in, n8-19; Frum's comments on, 98, 100, 188n1; links made in, 188-89n9; Reagan and, 95- 96; religious underpinning of, 97-98; responses to, 188n4
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (2oos), 69
Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo, �8-3o, 43
Barrett, IZevin,· 158, i6o
Baugh, John F., 98
Bauman, Zygmunt, 11
Benjamin, Walter, 164
Bennett, Jane, 100-1011 189m6
Bentham, Jeremy, 148
Bercovitch, Sacvan, 101
Bigelow, Gordon, 184n29
Billionaires for Bush, 18m27
Billionaires for Bush and Gore, 2
bin Laden, Osama, .19, 1.19-20, 154, 156
:INDEX
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Black Friday, 69-70
Blair, Tony, 7
bloggers and blogging: on rnicrochunking and rebundling, 178m6; political campaigns and, 40-41; politics displaced onto, 39-40. See also Internet·J networked communications media
Bosnia: excesses (evil) in, 112
Boyd, Andrew, 46
Brand, Stewart, 36
Brentwood Baptist Church (Houston), 6o
Bretton Woods Agreement ( 1944), 53
Brooks, David, 153
Brown, Wendy, 13, 16-171 182n1
Bruni, Frank, 115-16
Buchstein, Hubertus, 77
Bush, George W.: analysis and condemnation of, 140-41; on conspiracy theories, 153-54; democratic rhetoric of, 75, So-8;2., Ss; election of, 1-3; on enemy combatants, 130-31; label for critics of, 193n12; law in relation to, 14, 85, 133 -34, 187m7; as master and decider, 84-85, 93, 134, 187120; militarism and unilateralism o£ 19-20; mission accomplished speech of, n8- 19i 9 1 11 appropriated by, 169-70, · 174-75; No Child Left Behind pro"' gram of, 7, 57; oil and energy policy under, 49i opposition to, 47, 174\_75; persistence in justifying Iraq War, 10, 25, 81-83; Plame's outing under, 15; power of, 171; ftresidential influences on, 111, 190n32; public suspicions about, 145-46; reality of, 64-65, 88, 90; religiosity of, 98-99, 114, n6; as resistant to exchange of reasons, 85- 87; on taking human life, 135; on torture, 100, 134; vagueness and vacuous resolve of, 114-20; verbal slip-ups of, 192nss. See also "axis of evil"
Bush v. Gore (2ooo), 2-3
Butler, Judith: on address and condemnation, 136-42; on ethics, 123-24; on governmentality, 124-25, 135-36; on the human, 135; on resignifcation, 128-30; on sovereignty and speech regulation, 125-28; on sovereignty's resurgence, 130-35; on unknowingness, 142-43
capitalism: amplification of, 31-32, 93i evil redirected away from, 15\_16, 95\_ 96, 108-14, 191nn43 -45; excesses of, as evil, 101-2; flexibilty of, 37; justification of, 182n33; left's acceptance of, 15-16, 34-35, 77; postmodemism in corporate, 8-9; radicalism o£ 9 ' ' 1 surplus value and enjoyment linked in, 132-33. See also communicative capitalism; global neoliberal capitalism
Carter, Jimmy, 54, 107-8, 190- 9In39 celebrity: subjectivization of, 177ns certainty and credibility: approach to, 145-48; in asserting facts of 9 /11, 149-50, 155-58; of Bush vs. 9 / 11 truth movement, 169-71; circulation of, 148-49; collapse \_of authority in, So; mutability of, 66-67, 73i outsidership and absence of conflict of interest in, 154-55; search for, 64; skepticism combined with, 15o-51, 154\_57, 162;. 69; suppression of questions about, 120-21; of university professors, 158- 62. See also conspiracy theory
Cheney, Dick: as evil, more powerful leader, 117-18; on Fox News} 163; "inevitable attack" meme of, 172; 9;11 testimony of, 170; power of, 171; on taking human life, 135
Chicago School, 52, 183n7, 183n9
Chile: neoliberalism in1 1s3n9
Chronicle of Higher Education (periodical), 158-59
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civil institutions: criminology in context o£ 71; ·disciplinary role o£ 6s
civil rights movement, 15, 106
Clarke, Richard, 157
Clarke, Simon, 183n7
Clinton, Bil: banking deregulation under, 49-50; MoveOn on, 46; neeliberalism o£ 54; public "fatigue" with, 3; welfare state dismantled under, 71 35, 181n24
Cohen, Lizbeth, 68
Cold War: good vs. evil in, I04-S1 I08- 14i neoliberal perspective on, 56
collective action, 331 35-36, 53
Calmes, Alan, 158
communication: commodification o£ 24; definition o£ 26; ideal interaction in public sphere, 21; understanding in, 27. See also Internet; language; media; messages; networked communications media; political action and participation; speech acts
communicative capitalism: concept o£ 22-24; democratic ideals repurposed in, 17-18; features o£ 8; incredulity and competing realities in, 56-57, 147-48; individual celebrated in, 11- Ii; Internet as zero institution o£ 42- 45; language of victimization in, 6-7; legislation afg, 181030; MoveOn as exemplar of, 46 -47; as protecting and immunizing power, 119-20; selffashioning expected in, 66-67, 73i spectacle in, 39, 173-75; talk without response in, 22-24, 46-48. See also certainty and credibility; consumerism and consumption; conviction and responsiveness; free trade; individual/ singular I personal mindset; neoliberalism; networked communications media; relativism
comunism, 103-4, 106, no. See also Marxism and Marxism-Leninism
competition: as governing precept, 57
computer protocols, 185n47
condemnation: structure of address and eficacy o£ 136-42
condensation concept, 38-39
conspiracy theory: credibility in outsidership o£ 154-55; implications of, 147-48; questioning in, 149-50; shift in, 148-49; stigmatization of, 152-54; subjectivization and, 177n8. See also 9 In truth movement
consumer as producer: fantasy of abundance and, 25-26; opinions a£ 24; politics of, 11-12; private property unchallenged in, 37; rise of, 4
consumer I criminal doublet: concept o£ 63; consumer side of, 68-7o; criminal side o£ 70-72; historical context of, 67-68
consumerism and consumption: discourse on, 69- 70, 73; historical diferences in, 68; as paradigmatic form of choosing, 22; as politically significant, 6, 34-35; politics of disclosure and, 38-39; state surveillance in logic of, 11-12, 131. See also advertising; marketing
contributions: antiwar message morphed into, 20; circulation and exchange value of, 26- 28; political disconnect and, 21; political energies reformatted as, 31-33, 49; response absent in, 22-24, 46-48. See also messages; networked communications media
Control Room, The (film), So, 82, 84 conviction, absolutist: Bush's vacuous resolve as, u6-2o; relativism combined with, 95-96, 120--21
conviction and res onsiveness: address and condemnation in, 136-42; arguments about, 123- 24. See also ethics
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Copeland, Kenneth, 184n3o
Copjec, Joan, 184n28, 187n21
Corn Laws (England), 183n7
corporatization: communicative deluge linked to, 23; postmodernism and, 8- 9 ; realities o£ 56-57
Coulter, Ann, 189n11
Covenant Celebration Church (Tacoma), 6o
credibility. See certainty and credibility
crimnal justice system: decline of rehabilitation ideal in, 70 -71; enemy combatants and, 130-31; in Keynesianism vs. neoliberalism, 71-72; language of victimization in, 6; as suffused with violence, 134. See also consumer I crimnal doublet
Critchley, Simon, 181n27
Crouch, Colin, 17906
culture: democratic governance and entertainment, 24; evil depicted in, 99i of ironYi 96-97
culture wars: contested truth in, 147; delimting of ('everything" in, 97i left's victory in, 7-8
Davidson, Donald, 163
Dean, Howard, 40-411 119-20
Pebord, GuYi 18on19
de-democratization, 12-13, 16.:17. See also post-politics
Deleuze, Gilles, 8, 30
deliberative democracy: concept o£ �1- 83; critique f, 13; discourse in, 78- 8o, 187n8; limits and self-justifcation in, 91-92; theories and practices linked in, 77-78; in university discourse terms, 87-92
democracy: contested category o£ 17; in decision making vs. post-decision debate, 91-92; evil as impossible in, 107; failures o£ 25, 76-77, 92; hysteric discourse in, 149; lack of, 83-87; left's enthusiasm for, 10, 16--17, 75-78, 93-
94i legitimacy of, 14, 82; "people" constructed in, 186n64; postdemocracy concept, 10-11; as present and inevitable, 92-94; publicity ideal in, 148; as radical ideal, 80- 83; as solution to every problem, 119-20; sovereignty of people in, 21; talkswithout-responding type of, 22-23; use of term, 20. See also communicative capitali�m; de-democratization; deliberative democracy; democratic rhetoric; democratic theory
Democracy Now (radio program), 19
Democratic Leadership Council, 2
democratic rhetoric: in advertising computers and Internet use, 36-42; hegemony o£ 17-1B; ofleft, 10, 16-17, 75-7B, 93-94; paradox of, 93-94; of right, 75; themes in, 75-76, Bo-Bs
democratic theory: on argument and deliberation, 7B-Bo, 1B7nB; consensus of reality presumed in, 147; as discourse of university, B7 -92; hope absorbed and destroyed in, 76-7B, BB, 92; as justification for rule, 77-7B, 9i-92; procedural focus o£ B1- 83; ways of thinkg about, 76-7B
DeMott, Benjamin, 154
denial: concept o£ 41-42
depoliticization diagnosis: economics and, 15-16; limts of, 10;.12, 17Bn24; rhetoric o£ 12-13
deregulation: in banking industry, 49- 50i free-trade fantasy and, 55-62; governments' adoption of, 54-55; left support for, 34· See also free trade; global neoliberal capitalism; neoliberalism
Dickens, Charles, 61
discourse: democracy as radical ideal in, 8o-B3; discourses' sharing of a lack, B6-B7; dogmatism in, 100-101; of
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fear and terror (post-9lu), 96-99; having one's terms accepted by enemies in, 9-10; language of victimization in rights discourse, 5; ofering reasons in, 89-92; participation in, 78-8o, 187n8; responsive listening in, 107, 190n37; types of, 79-80. See also evil; hysteric discourse; master discourse; pervert discourse; psychotic discourse; religious discourse; university discourse
displacement concept, 39-41
Douglas, Michael, 61
Dumenil, Gerard, 53
Dyer-Witheford, Nick, 36- 37
Dynamic Duo, The (radio program), 161
economic neoliberalization: consumer I criminal doublet as figure in, 63, 67- 72; governmentality linked to, 131-32; left's acceptance of, 15-16, 33-35, 77i responsibility for, 3 -4. See also free trade; global neoliberal capitalism economy: boom an& bust, as evil, 103; commodities' function in, 27-28; depoliticization of, 15-16; of dot-com years, 25-26; Foucault on, 183n7; of moral disagreement, 89; neoliberal and Keynesian compared, 51-55; structural crisis in 1970s, 53-54· See · also capitalism; economic neoliberalization;. free trade; global neoliberal capitalism
Edge-generation (blog), 178n16
8ol 20 rule, 29-30
Eisenhower, Dwight D.: evil invoked by, 98, 104-51 113-14; as influence on Bush, 190n32; military-industrialcomplex speech of, 190n30 elections ( 2000-2008) : popular vote ignored in, 1-3; as truth of conservative hegemony. 2-5; victory in defeat in, 4 -10; voter turnout in, 17
El Salvador: U.S. deaths in, 1o8, 114 end of ideology thesis, 11 Enjoying God Ministries, 6o, 185n32 enjoyment (jouissance) : anxiety juxtaposed to, 59, 150, 184128; consumer I criminal doublet as figure of, 63, 67-72j definition of, so; drive to connect as producing, 150-51; freetrade promises of, 51, s8; of God, 6o; ideological role of, 182n3; lack of, 58- 62; subjects enjoined to, 66-67, 73, 128, 132-34; in symbolic space, 64-65 ethics: address and condemnation in, 136-42; the human question in, 135; left's embrace of, 123 -24, 174-75; resignifications and, 128-36; return of sovereignty and, 125-28; unknowingness as conditioning, 142-43
evangelical Christianity: belief vs. knowledge of, 188n3; disagreements in, 98-99; global media of, 184n3o; language of victimization in, 6; neeliberalism supplemented b)lj 6o, 184n29; prominence of, 7-8; rhetoric of evil and, 97-98. See also religious discourse
evil: absolutist conviction of, 120-21; contextualizing uses of, 95- 96, 11.3-14; displaced away from capitalism, 15-16, 95-96, 108-14, 19mn43-45; in dogmatic vs. signifyg context, 101; hatred (term) vs., 98, 188m; many appearances of, 96-101, 108-10, 114; modem philosophy on, 189ru7; in past presidential speeches, 101-8; postmodernism linked to, 188n8; recognition of, 189m9; specifcity of, 97; use of term, 188n5. See also "axis of evil" experts, rule of, 8o. See also university discourse
Faceboo� 4, 17, 31 facts: authority of, 88-89; certainty in facts (continued) asserting and linkg, 149-50, 155-62; skepticism about, 146-47; stigmatization of ignoring, 152-54; in university discourse, 151
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Falk, Richard, 159
fantasies: of abundance, 25-30; approach to, 24-25; ofevil secretpowelj 117-18; of free trade, 49-51, 55-62, 72; function o£ so-51; of participation, 31-42; of Reagan as cowboy, 113; of sovereign power, 124-28; of wholeness, 38, 42- 45· See also democracy
Farrell, Patrick, 160
feminism: failures of, 9, 18o-81n23
fetishism, 17-18. See also technology fetishism
Fetzer, James, 149-50, 158, 160-61
:film and movies: on AI Jazeera, 8o, 82, 84; evil depicted in, 99; imaginary and Real aliance in, 113; on 9 I 11 truth, 155-59
financialization: acceleration and p�o· liferation of, 41-42; communicative deluge linked to,· 23; governments' adoption of, 54-55; realities of, 56-57
Fincher, David, 61
Fineman, Howard, 114
Firmage, Joseph P., 193-94n16
Fish, Stanley, 89-90
Fleischer, Ari, 157
Flickr, 31
Ford, Gerald R., 107
Foucault, Michel: on economic liberalism, 183n7; on governmentality, 51- 52, 124-26; on self-truth, 138
Fox News, 7-8, 158, 163
Frank, Thomas, 8-9, 22, 177n1
freedom: definitions of, 51-52, 87; in free-trade fantasYi 56; religious faith and, 105; true and false paths of, 108; world as split between oppression and, 103-4
Free Net, 37
free trade: churches' reliance on, 6o, 184n3o; consumer as composite of, 67-68; enjoyment promised by, 51, 58; excess in terms of, 59-62, 68-70; loss occluded by narrative of gain in, 70-72; as neoliberal fantasy, 49-51, 55-62, 72. See also global neoliberal capitalism; market; neoliberalism
Freiburg School ( Ordoliberals), 183n7
Freud, Sigmund1 33, 41, 164
Friedman, Milton, 52
Frum, David, 98, 100, u6, 188n1, 190n32
Fukuyama, Francis, 11
Galloway, Alexander R., 30, 185n4 7
Game, The (film), 61-62
Gamson, Joshua, 37-38
Garland, David, 70-72
gay community, 38
generosity and understanding, 123-24� See also ethics
Geneva Accords, 130
George; Susan, 57
Gerson, Michael, 188n1
Giddens, Anthony, n,
Gingrich, Newt, 3�
Glass-Steagal Act (1933), 49-50
global neoliberal capitalism: commli;. nicative deluge linked to, 23; consumer choices and, 73; fantasy for "developing" countries in, 57; Internet as enacting, 43; left's acceptance o£ 15-16, 33-35, 77i sovereignty in context of, 131-32. See also neoliberalism
Global Report on Human Settlements, 57
global warming, 64, 153
global zero institution: fantasy of wholeness and, 42- 45. See also Internet; networked communications media
Goldberg, Michelle, 6o
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Goodman, Amy, 19
Gore, Al, 1-2, 15, 36, 54
governmentality: concept of, 51-52, 124- 25; economic components central to, 131-32; fantasy and, 124-28; in neoliberalism, 63-72; power extended from, 130-31; responsive listening in, 1071 190n37; sovereignty as replaced by, 125-28, 135-36
Graham, Mary, 38-39
Gravois, John, 158 -59
Great Britain: Corn Laws repealed in, 183n7; free trade and evangelical beliefs in, 184n29; Reagan's speech in, 191n44; 1970s economic crisis in, 53- 54; welfare state dismantled in, 551 57 Greece: post-World War II assistance for, 103
Grifin, David Ray, 159, 172
Grossman, Lev, 158
Guantanamo Bay prisoners, 130, 140
Guattari, Felix, 30
Gutmann, Amy: Bush's war justified by, 93; on de�berative democracy, 81-83, 91-92; on questioning and argument, 84-85; in university discourse context, 87-90, 151
Habermas, Jirgen, 13, 27, 78, 82, 162
Hagin, Kenneth, 184n3o
Hanjour, Hani, 157
Hannity, Sean, 158
Hannity and Calmes (program), 158
Harding, Susan Friend, 188n3
·Hardt, Michael, 65- 66
Harvey, David, 23, 33 -34, 183n9
hate speech, 125-26 .
Hayek, Friedrich von, 52
Hegel, G. W. F., 86, 188n2
Hitler, Adolf, 108
Hobbes, Thomas, 52, 187n8
Holmgren, Gerard, 161 -62
humanely: use of term, 130
Huntington, Samuel, 96
Hussein, Saddam, 19, wo, 112, u8, 188- 89n9
hysteric discourse: characteristics of, 149; concept of, So; conspiracy theory as, 148; protestors as example of, 83-87
identity: political, 34, 186n64; symbolic, 65-67, 73· See also consumer as producer; consumer I criminal doublet; imaginary identities
ideology: categories of, so; overidentification with, 61-62; role of fantasy in, 55-62. See also democracy; enjoyment (jouissance); fantasies; neoliberalism
identity politics, 34· See also social movements
ilegal imigrants, 186n52
illouz, Eva, 179n7
imaginary identities: consumer, 68-701 132-33; criminal, 70 -72; ideological overidentification and, 61-62; illegal immigrant, 186n52; neoliberal concept of, 51; psychosis in terms of, 167- 68; Real allied with, 113 -14; as undisciplined but subject to more control, 65- 66; variety and mutability of, 66-67, 73
immigrants, ilegal, 186n52
individual/ singular I personal mindset: defintions of, 51-52; ideals of personal freedoms in, 33-34; language of victimization in, 6; marketing geared to, 4; neoliberal perspective on, s6; of politics, 11 - 12. See also freedom; identity; subjects and subjectivization
inequalities: as evil, 102-41 1o8 -1o, 114; neoliberalism's occlusion of, 28, 571 62; of structure in netwqrked communications media, 28-30; vast expansion of, 72. See also global neoinequalities (continued) liberal capitalism; wealth concentration
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