Crowds and Party

executive, the 38–9

Facebook Revolution, the 15–16
face-to-face interactions, anxieties about 58, 64–5
fear 120
Federici, Silvia 85–7
feedback 55
financial crisis, 2008 252
First International, the 167–8
flash mobs 22
flow 61, 66
football 118–19
foreclosure 82
Foucault, Michel 83–7
France 93–4
Frazer, James George 177
freedom 51, 68, 74–5, 82, 248
freedom ofaction, crowds 4
French Revolution 117–18
Freud, Sigmund 9, 74, 76–7, 91, 114, 116, 121, 215
account ofcrowds 100–5, 105–12
Group Psychology 92–3, 95, 97–100, 100–5, 110, 112
influence on Michels 176–7
the primal horde 109–12
theory ofindividual psychology 106, 109–10
and the unconscious 97, 102, 104
gamesman, the 38–9, 43
Gasset, José Ortega y 7
general assembly 2–4
German Social Democratic Party 169, 170, 171, 174, 205
Germany 20
Gezi park protesters, Turkey 18
Girard, René 98
goals 122–3
Gordon, Sarah 221–2, 234–5
Gornick, Vivian 210–13, 221–2, 227–8, 242
Great Britain 118–20
Greece 20, 26–7, 123
group mind, the 102–4, 105
group psychology 9, 92–100, 95, 97–100, 100–5, 105–12
group ties 106–8
Guattari, Félix 60, 91n, 206n
Hardt, Michael 23–5, 62–3, 68
herd instinct 108–9
hierarchy 12, 13–14
Hirst, Paul 77

171

Hobbes, Thomas 74–5
Holland, Eugene W. 11–12, 13–14, 68–9
Holloway, John 165, 196–203, 203–5
horizontalism 2, 12, 258
Horton, Ted 231
hostility 47
Howe, Jeff15
Hudson, Hosea 228–33, 235–8
ideal ego 185–6, 189, 206
identification 56, 92n
identity 32, 46, 77, 84n, 213, 223, 258 attachment to 256–7 bourgeois 113 development of86 personal 58 politics of4, 53, 55 working class 254, 255–6
ideology 73–4, 260 Althusser’s account of76–81, 87–91, 113–14 bourgeois 79–81, 86–7, 88
imaginary other, the 49
imitation 15
imitative mania 177–9
India 20
individual choice 4
individual consumerism 51
individual responsibility 32, 47–9, 50–5, 68
individual, the, individuality and individualism 3–4, 21, 158, 237–8, 260 Althusser’s account of76–81 anarchist 140 the bourgeois individual 62–3 breakdown of57, 121–2 and capitalism 32, 37, 41–2 commanded 31–2, 50–5, 63, 72 commodity form 75–6 and crowds 64–6 cult of44 enclosure of81 Foucault on 83–7 fragility of96–7 history of 36n Lane’s critique of47–9 Lasch’s critique of36–42, 49–50 the Left and 35 left individualism 50–5

172

negation of119–20 and the past 45–6 personal uniqueness 32–5 possessive 74–5 preoccupations 37 pressures of55–64 reflective 59 relieffrom 57 rugged 37–8, 41–2 Sennett’s critique of42–4 Silva’s critique of44–7 skepticism ofsolidarity 47 and subjects 73–4 subject-status 82 unique 88 individuation 35, 36, 44–7, 59–60, 63, 75–6, 79–81, 84, 84n, 98 inequality 12–13, 21, 42, 50, 138, 248, 256 informational intensification 56 information cascades 8 information society, the 17 insecurity 42 institutions 188–9 internet, the 58 interpellation 76–81, 82, 87–91 invincibility, feeling of102 Iran, presidential election, 2009 15 jargon 192–3 Jellinek, Frank 129 job security 48 Johnson, Diana 241–2 Johnson, Walter 75–6 Jonsson, Stefan 10n, 97n jouissance 6, 121 justice 149, 259 Kenyon-Dean, Kian 12n Klausen, Jimmy Casas 69 knowledge 26, 199–200, 200–1 knowledge class, the 17 knowledge economy, the 17 Koch, Andrew 69 labor market, competition 56 Lacan, Jacques 5, 6, 40, 48–9, 81, 92n, 144, 165, 178, 182–3, 183–4, 185, 187 Laclau, Ernesto 54 Lane, Carrie M. 36, 47–9, 60 language 192–3

173

Lanier, Jaron 16–17
Lanzetti, Eric 210–13
laptops 15
Lasch, Christopher 32, 36–42, 42–3, 44, 45, 49–50, 55
Lassalle, Ferdinand 177
late capitalism 42
Leadbeater, Charles 51–3, 54–5
leaders and leadership 9, 109–12, 173, 174–80, 184–5
Le Bon, Gustave 8–9, 66, 74, 91, 93–7, 101–5, 105, 106, 111–12, 114, 116, 172, 177, 180, 215
left individualism 50–5
left realism 54–5, 67–72
Left, the 67, 150, 222, 249
challenge facing 264–5
claim ofvictory 256
defeat of256
failure of22–5, 218
and individuality 35
and the party 161–6, 167–70, 204, 209, 264
political will 27–8
radical 262
self-critique 170
Lemm, Vanessa 68
Lenin, V. I, 135, 144, 152–5, 157, 168, 169, 170–1, 198, 200, 254, 255
Lewis, Penny 18
liberal democracy 251–2
liberal theory 74–6
libido 106–7
Lissagaray, Prosper Olivier 131, 155–7, 157
localized political work, problem of263
local struggles 24
Locke, John 74–5
London 20
loyalty 48
Luce, Stephanie 18
Lukács, Georg 199, 254
Luxemburg, Rosa 70, 168–9, 170
McDougall, William 107
Macherey, Pierre 81n
MacPherson, C. B. 74–5
Madrid 1–4
majority rule 214–15
Mao Tse Tung 254–5
market, the 52
Martel, James 69
Marxism, Holloway’s critique of199
Marxism Today 32, 50–5, 67, 222
Marx, Karl 8, 70, 81, 121, 137–8, 157, 158–9, 167, 252, 255, 257–8
The German Ideology 253
on the Paris Commune 130–1, 133–4, 134–5, 144, 145–7, 149, 151–2
Mason, Paul 187
mass culture 40–1
mass democracy 7
mass media 40
mass, the 10n, 97, 168, 154
mattering, feeling of237–8
meaning, struggle for 130–1
Mexico 2, 123
Michels, Robert 5, 165, 169–70, 170–82, 184–5, 196
Milkman, Ruth 18
mobile phones 58–9, 63
mob rule and the mob 7, 8, 14
modernity 79–80, 86
monopoly capitalism 44
Montag, Warren 79
Moscow, December movement, 1905 153–5
Mouffe, Chantal 54
movement 257–8
Mubarak, Hosni 15
multiplicity 24–5, 68–9
multitude, the 24–5
Murphy, Al 229–31
Mussolini, Benito 9
names 90
narcissism, culture of36–42, 48, 49–50
narcissistic personality, rise of38–40
nation-states 10, 27
Negri, Antonio 23–5, 62–3, 68, 163
neoliberalism 47, 139, 220, 248, 252, 256, 264
networked life 57, 57–9, 60–2, 63–4
networks
communicative capitalism 14–15
complex 12–13, 14
new economy, the 42–4
New Left, the 44
new times 32, 50–5, 67
New York
Occupy Wall Street, 2011 1–4, 18
Times Square 1–2
Washington Square Park 2–4
Obama, Barack 46
occupation 22
Occupied Wall Street Journal 2

174

175

Occupy Gazette 2
Occupy Wall Street 1–4, 18
oligarchy 169–70, 170–82
originality, expressing 33–4
Ost, David 163–4
other-directedness 58–9
Other, the 87, 184, 185–7, 197–8, 247
overload, pathological 56–7
ownership 75
panic 107–8
Pareto principle, the 171
Paris Commune, the 8, 157–9 Badiou’s analysis of144–9, 149–52 Central Committee ofthe Twenty Districts 156 failure of149, 152 horizontality 137 Lenin on 144, 152–3 Lissagaray’s account of155–7 March 18 crowd event 126–9, 137–8 Marxist status of144–5 Marx on 130–1, 133–4, 134–5, 144, 145–7, 149, 151–2 meaning 130–6 and social space 136–43
participation 13
party, parties and the party form 22–9, 158, 249, 257 authoritarianism 161–2, 167–70 authority 199–200 belonging 210–13 centralism 167–70 and class 181, 220 and class consciousness 203–5 and collective desire 234–42, 260–1 under communicative capitalism 217–18 discipline 201–2 endurance 217–22 energy 242 Holloway’s critique of196–203, 203–5 knowledge 26 left criticism of167–70, 209, 264 Lenin on 144 loss ofconfidence in 22–3 membership 149 Michels’s analysis 169–70, 170–82 need for 206, 259–61 organization 27, 190–5 organizational question 165

176

political strength from 25–9 power of28–9 problem facing 157 proletariat as 253 rejection of161–6, 167 relationship with the people 149–57 return to 28 role of5, 162, 263–4 scale 25–6 social basis for 203–7 solidarity 213, 241–2, 253–4 statist form 149–51 subject-effects 259 symbolic dimension 219 symbolic space 209–50 and transference 184–90, 200, 217 trials 243–8 ugliness of247 party belonging 204 Party Organizer 190–5 party trials 243–8 past, the 45–6 paternal function, change in 39–40 pathologies 56–7 People’s Mic, the 3 people, the 7, 8, 14, 115–16, 255 legacy 28 organizing 157 politicization 149–57, 157–8 relationship with the party 149–57 revolutionary 152–5 self-relation 89 sovereignty 8 sovereignty of90n, 134 split in 89–91 personal brands 21 personalization 34–5, 56, 140–1 personal uniqueness 32–5, 56 Peuter, Greig de 17–18 Plato 246 pluralization 25, 68–9 Podemos 27 Poland 163–4 police, militarized 50 political attachment 221–2 political change 248–50 political crowd, the 117–18, 123

177

political expression 7
political knowledge 200–1
political organization 165, 195–203
political strength, from collectivity 25–9
political struggle 8, 251–2 terms of198–9
political subjectivity 89, 115–16, 124–5 and individuality 74 psychoanalysis and 87
political subject, the 158–9 emergence of6, 126, 133–4, 145–6
political vitality 7–8
political will 27–8, 147, 158
politics 164–5, 183
Holloway’s critique of196–203 limitations 165 opportunity for 8
population growth 85
possessive individualism 74–5
post-Fordism 51
postmodern fragmentation 54
potentially 141–2
power 83–5 collective 10, 29, 258 ofcollectivity 72 crowds 95–6, 258 of the party 28–9 separation from authority 43 symbolic 49 as violence 50
practical optimism 220–2, 228–33
Preisen, Joe 221
presencing, technologies of66
primal horde, the 105, 109–12
progressive individualism 51–3
proletariat, the 252–4, 255
Protestant Reformation, the 80
psychic health 37
psychoanalysis 57, 78, 87, 91, 92–112, 165 Freud’s account ofcrowds 100–5, 105–12 and individuation 98 the unconscious 92–100, 102, 104, 113
psychotic culture 48–9
radical Left, the 262
Rancière, Jacques 78
reality, creation of243–4

178

representation 10n
responsibility 47–9, 50–5, 68, 102
revolution 152–5, 209, 254–5
revolutionary goals 202–3
Riesman, David 58
riots 14, 22, 117
ritual assembly 243–8
Rome 1–4
Ross, Kristin 136–43, 158
Rothenberg, Molly Anne 86n
Rothman, Belle 221
Ruskin, Michael 54
sacrifice 238, 239
Sade, Marquis de 41
Saltzman, Ben 221
Samuel, Raphael 222–7, 238–9
Sanders, Bernie 27
scientific knowledge 199
sectarianism 194
segmentation 83–4
self-consciousness 61
self-direction 42
self-expression 235
self-individuation 60
self-management 86
self-organization 11, 12, 13–14
self-relation 89
self-reliance 41–2, 42, 45, 47, 48–9
Sennett, Richard 36, 42–4, 45, 47
separation 60
Shirky, Clay 13
Sighele, Scipio 93, 95
Silva, Jennifer M. 36, 44–7, 49, 60
Singer, Andre 18
singularities, multitude of25
Situationists, the 136
slavery and the slave trade 75–6
smart mobs 14
smartphones 15, 20
Smith, Jason E. 165
social contract, the 134
Social Democracy 169
social democracy 252
social division, elimination of137
social individuality 52
socialism 55

179

socialist party 181
social media 15–16, 57–9, 123–4
social mobility 55
social relations, market model 52
social space, transformation of136–43
social substance 81
social validation 197–8
social welfare 51
Socrates 246
solidarity 21, 47, 213, 241–2, 253–4, 263
Solidarity movement, Poland 163–4
solidarity networks 26
solitude 59
South Korea 20
sovereignty, of the people 8
Soviet Union 169, 223 collapse of24, 51, 190
Spain 1–4, 2, 27
state, the 206–7, 264
Stephens, Alexander 132
Stirner, Max 68
strikes 19–20, 174, 198
struggle, site of8
subject-effects 259
subjectivization 148–9, 158
subject, the 183 Althusser’s account of76–81, 87–91, 113–14 Butler on 81–2 collective 91 enclosure of81 and freedom 82 as gap in the structure 87–91 and individuality 73–4 knowledge and beliefs 186–90 persistence of87–8
substitutionism 258
Sudan 20
suggestion 95, 102–3, 105–6, 111–12
super-ego 149, 185–6, 189, 206, 245, 259
Surowiecki, James 11, 14
surveillance 56
survivor, the 48–9
symbolic authority 39–40, 43–4, 49
symbolic efficiency, decline of21
syndicalism 174
Syriza 26–7

180