递归与偶然

Apollinaire, 269–70

appearance, 31–32, 64

Aristotle, 5, 12, 12n22, 106, 118, 206
art, 160, 207–10, 254

De Arte Combinatoria (Leibniz), 116 artificial intelligence (AI), 2, 103, 138, 166–67, 252–53

artificiality, 174

artificial systems, 118, 175

artist, 207–8

Ashby, W. Ross, 75, 124–26, 134, 192

associated milieu, 205

atoms, 65–66, 120

attraction, repulsion and, 58–59

Bernard, Claude, 123–24, 179–80, 179nn113-14

Aufhebung, 88

Berque, Augustin, 34

Augustine, 254, 276

auto-finality, 14, 136, 142, 273

Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 17, 73–76, 76n128, 102–3, 136

bifurcations, 30, 39, 265

automata, 103, 115, 121–22

automation, 103, 114–15, 248

automatism, 183, 272

Bigelow, Julian, 123

automaton, 13, 31–32

autonomy, 132

autopoiesis, 83, 127

Bildungstrieb, 4, 60

axiological function, 193

Bachelard, Gaston, 178

Bateson, Gregory, 19, 107–8, 132– 38, 143, 148

200, 221; Creative Evolution by, 26, 147, 153, 158, 163–74, 203; on élan vital, 164, 166–67, 178; on geometrism, 167–68, 202; on intuition, 227; Kant and, 164–65; on machine, 164–65; Matter and Memory by, 171; on mechanism, 118, 164, 182; on organology, 163–75; Platonism of, 177; on recursivity, 170; Two Sources of Morality and Religion by, 167, 169, 173–74, 173n89, 174n90

beauty, 49

becoming infinite, 6

Black Notebook (Heidegger), 104-5

Black, Joseph, 80

biology, 5, 272–73; Canguilhem and Goldstein on, 181; computational, 114; mechanism and, 71–72; on organism, 49, 182; philosophy of, 183–84; rise of, 86; synthetic, 217–18; technics and, 157

le Blanc, Guillaume, 158, 177, 179

Begriff, 93, 98

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 51

Bloch, Ernst, 11

being, 6, 99, 104–5, 120, 145, 188, 195

being there, 30, 222

body, organs and, 190–91

Being, 31, 230

Beiser, Frederick, 65

body-mind problem, 120

Bergson, Henri, 16, 118n91, 119, 122–23, 148–49; against adaptation, 178-79, 178n107; Canguilhem and, 153, 167–71,

Bohr, Niels, 122

Boutroux, Émile, 38, 43

brain machine, 107

brains, 219, 248

Brassier, Ray, 251–53, 258–59

Brentano, Franz, 211–12, 214

Brown, John, 51n29, 61, 179n112

Bruno, Giordano, 8

368递归与偶然

calculus of reasoning, 115-16

Cambridge Platonists, 24n48

canalization, 204

Canguilhem, George, 25–26, 147–49, 155–57, 159-61, 163, 175–80, 176n95; Bergson and, 153, 167–71, 200, 221; on biology, 181; concept of life, 184; on Friedmann, 182–83; Knowledge of Life by, 158; The Normal and the Pathological by, 179, 179n114

Cannon, W. B., 123

capital, 218-220, 251, 264, 273, 275- 276

Das Capital (Marx), 183

capitalism, 275–76

Cartesian philosophy, 5-6, 117–18, 120, 153, 238

Cassirer, Ernst, 25, 25n50, 32n56, 37,134

de Castro, Viveiros, 262

Categories (Aristotle), 12

causality, 15, 67, 190, 206

causation, immanent, 181

cause, 7–8, 18, 47, 49, 160

cause and effect, 57-58

cell, 16–17, 26n52

chance, 13-14, 31

change, 14-15

chaos, 37

Char, René, 230n85

check, 52

Chinese philosophy, 23-25, 23n47, 124n114, 264n80,275

Chinese science and technology, 22–23, 265, 271–72, 277

Christianity, 233-34

Christian theology, 104

Christogenesis, 245-50

church organs, 154, 155

circularity, 5, 10, 56–63

classical AI, 138, 253

classical logic, 106

classical machine, 107

cohesion, 60

collective individuation, 193-200, 202

collective memory, 205

command, judgment versus, 9

communication, 121, 198

communication technology, 83

community, 46, 57

complexity, 15, 244

complexity theory, 49

computational biology, 114

computational hermeneutics, 210-11

computational theory, 109

computation theory, 103

Comte, Auguste, 45–46, 179

co-naturality, 226

the concept, 146

The Concept of the Political (Schmitt), 247

concrete, abstract and, 92, 94

concretization, 19, 76, 140, 218, 220-24

consciousness: Brentano's model of, 211–12; experience of, 91; Husserl on, 212–14, 213; mechanism and, 182; object and, 56; reality of, 167–68; selfconsciousness and, 86, 129; timeconsciousness, 213

The Consciousness of Machines: A Metaphysics of Cybernetics (Günther), 106–7

consumerism, 215

contingency: absolute, 258-59; the Absolute and, 35–38, 95; algorithmic, 141-42; causality and, 15; chaos and, 37; correlationism, 257; domesticated 101; double, 20; finality and,

索 引 369

12–15; formal, 98–99; Gould on, 138; Hegel on, 94–96, 98–99; information from, 7; laws of nature, 41, 43; in mechanical model, 11; modal logic and, 12-14; in movement, 13; nature and, 41, 94–96; necessity and, 44–45, 68, 86, 101; the Notion and, 101; objective, 36; organology and, 200–207; as possibility, 11; possible, 12n22; probability and, 13; reason and, 11-12; reflected, 101; resilience, 22; Schelling on, 43, 95; sheer, 52; Simondon on, 28; Spinoza's system against, 48; submission to, 188–89; after system, 256–63; in systemic philosophy, 41–42; in systemization, 35; technology and, 193–94; as unity, of actual, possible and, 99. See also recursivity, contingency and recursivity, contingency and

Conway, John Horton, 145

correlationism, 251-52, 257–58

cosmogony, 57

cosmology, future, 35–39

cosmopoiesis, 226

cosmotechnics, 1, 29, 39, 105, 223, 226, 270–78

Cournot, Augustin, 15, 36

Couturat, Louis, 117–18

creation, 4

Creative Evolution (Bergson), 26, 147, 153, 158, 163–74, 203

creative whole, 149

creativity, 14, 170–72, 174

criticism, 189–90

Critique of Judgment (Kant), 2-3, 8, 62, 148, 220–21, 221n69; on beauty, 49; Bergson and, 164–65; on cybernetics, 46,

164; on idealism, realism, 48; philosophy of technology in, 159; on recursivity, 55; on reflective judgment, 45, 47, 49, 49n23, 237; Simondon on, 190; on teleological judgment, 46

Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), 51n29

Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 2n3, 3, 3n7, 12–13, 50, 108, 228

cultural-technics, 185-87

culture, 26–27, 39, 223

Cuvier, Georges, 90–91

cyberneticians, 16–17

cybernetic machines, 18, 129, 139, 142, 145

"Cybernetic of 'Self': A Theory on Alcoholism" (Bateson), 134–35 cvbernetics 1.3.27 32 185

yvreus, 1, , 1, , 1, 199, 229, 272–75; Bertalanffy and, 76n128; Chinese science, technology and, 23; in Critique of Judgment, 46, 164; of cybernetics, 124–29; as end of philosophy, 105; epistemology and, 38, 194; Hegel and, 105; Heidegger on, 19–20, 244; idealism and, 86; Leibniz and, 115–16, 119; Lovelock on, 81-82; as mechanical organicism, 124; as mechanical organism, 16; mechanist, 142; metaphysics of, 107–8, 244–45; organicism and, 24; overcoming dualism,

17; recursivity in, 86, 104,

125; second-order, 143; selfconsciousness, 86; self-reflective, 103; Simondon on, 28n53, 228; universal, 187-93; the unknown in, 141; of Wiener, 121, 147, 192, 221

370

递归与偶然

Cybernetics Communication and Control in Man and Animals (Wiener), 17, 118, 192

Dioptrique (Descartes), 157

directedness, 214

cyborg, 147

Discourse on Method (Descartes), 192

disease, 181-82

Dalton, John, 71, 92n25

disparation, 131-132, 188, 196-197

Darwin, Charles, 76, 76n130

diversification, 21

Dasein, 30, 222, 253

domesticated contingency, 101

dataism, 247–48

double contingency, 20

death, 197

Dreyfus, Hubert, 252–53

debt, 214–15

Driesch, Hans, 16, 71

decadence, 83

drives, 236

Dedekind, Richard, 110

Drosophila, 137

Deleuze, Gilles, 6, 18n34, 117, 225, 271-72

dualism, 17, 120, 166

duality, 54

deliberation, 45n6

dynamic atoms, 65–66

Derrida, Jacques, 211, 214, 225

Descartes, René: on automata, 115; on church organs, human bodies and, 154, 155; Discourse on Method by, 192; mechanical organs and, 153–57; on mechanism, 2-3, 155-57

earth, 8, 28, 31, 34-25, 78–83,186, 219, 233, 252, 270

ecological paradigm, organicist paradigm and, 68-78

ecology, 28–29, 76–78, 215–20, 270

efficient cause, 49

Descola, Philippe, 262

ego, action of, 20

determinate judgment, 140–41, 221 élan vital, 136, 164, 166–67, 178, 221,238

determination, 220

determinism, 248

Eldredge, Niles, 137-38, 138n162

deus ex machina, 120

Eleatic rationality, 5

dialectical duality, 43

electron, 119–21, 188

dialectical movement, 11

Ellul, Jacques, 21, 34-25, 244, 272,

dialectics, 88, 92–93, 130–40, 177, 183

empiricism, 257

empty signs, 259–61

différance, 211, 214, 265

end of nature, 28, 233–34

difference, 133, 135, 258

enframing, 34

The Difference between Fichte's and Schelling's System of Philosophy (Hegel), 53-54

Enlightenment philosophy, 78, 247

entelechy, 16, 71, 238

entropy, negative, 131

differentiation, 119

environment, 185–86, 204

differentiation, unification and, 56, 60

epigenetics, 203-4

epiphylogenetic memory, 205

digital feedback, 216

digital recursion, 114 epistemology, 17, 19, 25, 245, 263, 275-76; absolute contingency in,

索 引371

37; Cartesian, 153; cybernetics and, 38, 194; Kant and, 49; the organic and, 104; on process, of knowing, 133-34; as recursive, 127; of the unknown, 229

on subjective subject-object, 54; Wissenschaftslehre of, 53-55

equilibrium, 130

figure-ground theory, 29–30, 162–63, 223, 225–26

Ereignis, 207, 210

final cause, 47, 160

finalism, 164–65, 169, 178, 273

Ernst, Max, 209

finality, 12–15, 142, 164, 169

eternal loop, 67

the finite, 6, 62, 117

Ethics (Spinoza), 63

fire, 151–53, 181–84

event, 210

First Outline of a System of Philosophy (Schelling), 61, 63, 66

evil, 34, 224–25

van Foerster, Heinz, 107–8, 126

evolution, 5, 27, 136–38, 163–64, 170, 174, 203–4, 273. See also Creative Evolution (Bergson)

the fold, 6

force, 11, 58–60, 64–65, 70, 80, 166, 197-98

excess information, 139

excitation, powers of, 61 form, 7, 148–49, 176, 197. See also organic form

existence, 101, 110–11

formal actuality, 99

exorganism, 26

formal drive, 236

expansive force, 80

formalism, 37, 128–29

expectation, 35

formative drive, 51

extension, 170-71, 212

Foucault, Michel, 179, 267

exterior, interior and, 222-23

frame problem, 253

exteriorization, 25, 127, 203, 143- 144, 146, 161, 170, 181, 202, 207, 235,265

Frazer, James, 223n71

Fredkin, Edward, 145

external finality, 11, 164 freedom, 33–34, 50, 52, 102, 170– 71,248

extropia, 246

French Revolution, 43–44, 235

Friedmann, Georges, 182–83

faith, 8

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: on the Absolute, 53-54; on absolute I. 52: formalism of, 128–29; Grant on, 54–55; Hegel and, 53–54, 127–29; ich of, 51–55; the I in, 128; Kant and, 51–52; recursive model of, 54-55; on recursivity, 54–55, 55n47, 128- 29; Schelling and, 53–54, 150;

Fukushima nuclear catastrophe, 233

feedback, 20, 105–6, 108, 123–25, 134–35, 142–43, 216, 263

Fuller, Buckminster, 77

Fibonacci number, 113-14

functional equivalence, 192–93

functional organs, 200

functors, 127

future cosmology, 35–39, 249

Gaia, 29, 81–83, 82n151

Gale, George, 120

Geist, 9

gene-centrism, 17n31

general allagmatic, 26, 192–93, 222

general equivalence, 233-34 general organism, 28, 44, 67, 69, 219-20

372

递归与偶然

general organology, 25–26, 147, 157, 172,176

general physics, 244

general recursivity, 106-15

general systems theory, 73–74, 192, 274

genetics, 75, 136–37, 252

geology, 78–80

geometrism, 167–68, 202

germ, 93

German idealism, 76, 106, 116, 129

Gestalt psychology, 29–30, 162–63, 223-24

Gestell, 34, 229, 231

Gille, Bertrand, 223

globalization, technological, 233-34

God, 33, 262–63; as cause, 7–8; death of, 105; emergence of systems and, 20; evil and, 225; ex machina, 120; Genesis, 262; natural phenomena and, 34–35; nature and, 48; Spinoza on, 63; technology replacing, 35

Goddard, Jean-Christophe, 128-29

Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Hofstadter), 110

Gödel, Kurt, 38, 43, 105–13, 108n71, 124–25, 210–11, 259

Gödel numbering, 111, 261

Goebbels, Joseph, 186n5

Goethe, 90–91

Golding, William, 82

Goldstein, Kurt, 25, 162–63, 180–81, 200,216,224

good, evil and, 34

Google, 218

Gould, Stephen Jay, 137–38, 138n162

Grant, Iain Hamilton, 52, 54–55, 78

gravitation, 59, 80

the great completion, 19–25

ground: absolute, 87; of existence, 101; figure and, 29–30, 162–63, 223, 225–26; groundless, 7, 231; Leibniz on, 116–17; original, 7, 43, 225; principle of, 220–32; reason and, 116–17; of technology, 223, 226; unthinged, 87

group dynamics, 187-88

Growth and Form (Thompson), 72

Grundsatz, of social system, 20

Guimbal engine, 191, 204

Günther, Gotthard, 103, 106–8, 129

Guyer, Paul, 50

Haeckel, Ernst, 76–77

Haff, Peter, 21–22, 22n43

Hahn, Songsuk Susan, 97–98

Haldane, J. B. S., 120–21

Haldane, J. S., 24n49, 70n105, 73, 124n110

happiness, 50

hardware, 252

Hartmann, Nicolai, 33n59

Hegel, G. W. F., 3, 11–12, 14, 44; on the Absolute, 87; Canguilhem on, 175; on contingency, 94–96, 98–99; cybernetics and, 105; dialectic, 88, 92–93; The Difference between Fichte's and Schelling's System of Philosophy by, 53–54; Fichte and, 53–54, 127–29; Gödel and, 109; Günther on, 106; Heidegger on, 103–4; on the Idealists, 87; Krug on, 94; logic of, 106, 140; metaphysics of, 184; Naturphilosophie of, 92– 93, 102–3; on notion, in nature, 96–97, 101; Phenomenology of Spirit by, 86–91, 95; Philosophy of Right by, 96; on plants,

索 引373

92–93; on real necessity, 100; on reason, 175, 235; on recursivity, contingency and, 85–86; recursivity of, 129; reflective logic of, 90–93, 105, 107; reflective mechanism of, 103; on Schelling, 53–54, 87, 87n6, 91; The Science of Logic by, 87–88, 92, 96, 98; on seed, 93; Spinoza and, 87–88; on spirit, 86

Heidegger, Martin, 6n12, 265; on Being, 31, 230; Black Notebook of, 104–5; Char on, 230n85; cosmotechnical thinking of, 105; on cybernetics, 19–20, 244; on Dasein, 30, 222, 253; on end, of philosophy, 234, 275; on Ereignis, 207, 210; on Gestell, 229, 231; on Hegel, 103–4; on modern technology, 230–31, 271, 276–77; on nature, 1; on ontotheology, 104; on the organic, 25; The Principle of Reason by, 230; "The Question Concerning Technology" by, 30; Schelling and, 10, 33n60; Simondon on, 229, 274; on technics, 42; on thrownness, 205

Hemmung, 10, 92, 95, 169, 197

Henrich, Dieter, 101

Heraclitus, 1, 41, 85, 140–41, 145, 233

heredity, technical, 26

hermeneutics, computational, 210-11

heuristic, 47, 237–38

Hinton, Geoff, 138

Historical-Critical Introduction to the Philosophy of Mythology (Schelling), 79

history, 11, 97–98

hitting bottom, 135

Hofstadter, Douglas, 110, 218
Holling, C. S., 83n155
homeostasis, 81-82, 124, 134
Homer, xiii
Homo deus, 247, 264
human body, 154, 155
humanism, 37, 246–47, 263, 269
humanity, 247–48, 250
human-machine relation, 140
human reality, 30, 222
Husserl, Edmund, 77, 201–2, 211-
14,213
Hutton, James, xv, 78-81
Huxley, Julian, 249
hylomorphism, 70, 148, 187-188
hylozoism, 48, 51
the I, 52–54, 128
I being thought, 54
ich, 9–10, 51-55
the Idea, 101-2
idealism, 48, 53, 76, 86, 106, 116,
127-29
idealist morphology, 91
Idealists, 51, 87, 134, 146
Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature
(Schelling), 57–58, 61
identity, philosophy of, 53-54
imagination, productive, 52-53
immanence, 8
immanent causation, 181
immanent reflection, 88
immediate sense certainty, 87
inadaptation, 178-79
inanimate being, 120
incomputability, algorithmic
contingency and, 140–44
indeterminacy, 220, 235
Indifferenz, 59
individual memory, 205
individual norm, 216–17

374

递归与偶然

individual substance, 5-6, 119

individuation, 3-7, 19, 28, 60, 71, 94, 188, 193–200, 202–3, 207–9, 225

L'Individuation (Simondon), 197–98

industrialism, 73, 186

industrialization, 2, 27, 73–74

Industrial Revolution, 69, 73, 148, 182, 215-16

Industry 4.0, 215

the infinite, 6, 11, 62, 117, 121

infinite force, 11

infinite metamorphosis, 68

information, 129, 188–89, 198, 203, 238; of dialectics, 130–40; feedback and, 105–6; giving form, 7; Simondon on, 18–19; theory, 132, 141, 145

inhibition, 10, 95

the inhuman, 32, 250–51, 253–55, 261,263

inhuman contra system, 250–56

inhumanity, 247, 253–54

inhumanization, 217

inorganic, 28–29, 245

inorganic organicity, 215-20

instinct, 174

intellectual intuition, 51-52, 227–28

intelligence, 166–69, 171–74. See also artificial intelligence

interior, exterior and, 222-23

interiorization, 117, 203

internal finality, 164

internalization, 181

internal resonance, 190

intuition, 51–52, 109–10, 227–28, 228n82

inversion, 171

Ionian physiology, 5

the irrational, 33

iteration, 52, 260

I think, 51–52, 54

Jacob, François, 118–19, 131n135

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 53

Jankelevich, Vladimir, 164

Jonas, Hans, 17, 142, 142n172

judgment, 9, 140–41. See also reflective judgment; teleological judgment

Kant, Immanuel, 145, 172–73, 220, 266; on attraction, repulsion, 58; Bergson and, 164–65; Bertalanffy on, 74–75; Cassirer on, 25, 25n50; Critique of Practical Reason by, 51n29; Critique of Pure Reason by, 2n3 3, 3n7, 12–13, 50, 108, 228; on deliberation, 45n6; epistemology and, 49; Fichte and, 51–52; on intellectual intuition, 227-28; I think of, 51–52; Lyotard on, 241; Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science by, 58; modal logic of, 12–13; model of system, 42; models of, 51; on natural end, 47, 49–50, 49n23, 125; on nature, 46–48, 159–62; ontology and, 49–50; Opus Postumum by, 50; on the organic, 2, 46, 83–84, 184; on organism, 28–29, 47; as philosopher, of technology, 157–63; on reason, 44–45, 45n5; Schelling and, 51, 56–60, 62; Schiller on, 235; on Schwämerei, 259; on Spinoza, 48; on systematization, 44; on teleological judgment, 4, 8–9; on teleology, 45n7; Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770 by, 3n4; on Timaeus, 62. See also Critique of Judgment (Kant)
Kapp, Ernst, 25–26

索 引375

Kilmeyer, Carl Friedrich, 61

Kirchner, James, 82n151

Klee, Paul, 257–58

knowing, process of, 133–34, 141, 182

knowledge, 131, 134; axiology of, 193; facts and, 242; heterogeneity of, 258; individuation and, 197–98; Lyotard on, 242–43; objective, 129; scientific, 141, 156; systematization, 54–56; transvaluation of, 37

Knowledge of Life (Canguilhem), 158

Koestler, Arthur, 75

Korzybski, Alfred, 132-33

Koyré, Alexander, 8n15

Krug, Wilhelm Traugott, 94

Kuhn, Thomas, 267

Küppers, Bernd-Olaf, 56

language, 203

Latour, Bruno, 29, 77

Lawrence, Joseph P., 64

laws of chance, 11

Leibniz, Gottfried, 5–6, 24, 24n48, 38, 65; De Arte Combinatoria by, 116; best of all possible worlds, 141, 141n168; Bergson on, 164; calculus of reasoning, 115-16; on communication, 121; cybernetics and, 115–16, 119; Deleuze on, 117; finalism of, 164; on ground, 116–17; the infinite, the finite and, 117; Le système nouveau de la nature by, 120; metaphysics of, 119; monad of, 117-18; Monadology of, 116–17; Needham on, 23, 116; organic philosophy of, 116; on soul, 118;

universal symbolism of, 115–16; Wiener on, 119-122

laws of nature, 41, 43

Leibnizianism, 115-24

Lenoir, Timothy, 4, 4n8

Le paradigme perdu: La nature humaine (Morin), 21

Leroi-Gourhan, André, 25-26, 266

Le Sage, Georges-Louis, 58

Lewin, Kurt, 187–88

life, 60; adaptation, 187; as artificial, 174; Canguilhem and, 184; complexity of, 15; creativity of, 170; knowing, 182; matter, as product of, 66; as the Notion, 97; organic form of, 67; as recursive process, 175–76; teleology of, 157

livestock farming, 186

linear mechanical movement, 14

life science, 247–48

light, 120, 131

Livet, Pierre, 54, 125–29

living being, 195

living organism, 122-23

local minima, 139

logic: Aristotelian, 106; classical, 106; of Hegel, 106, 140; modal, 12–14; natural, 167–68; organicist, 90–-93; reflective, 90 93, 105, 107; symbolic, 110–11; two-valued, 107

logical emanation, 43

loop, 20, 113, 123, 128, 135, 141–43, 218,263

Lovelock, James, 28, 81–83

luck, 189

Luhmann, Niklas, 20–21, 20n37, 127, 129, 219, 239–40, 244

Lyotard, Jean-François, 22, 32, 45n8, 236–45, 250–56, 258–59, 263, 268-70

376

递归与偶然

Mabille, Bernard, 94

machine, 27, 106–7, 200; animal and, 2–3; Bergson on, 164–65; cybernetic, 18, 129, 139, 142, 145; humans, as organizers of, 140; open, 189, 278; organism and, 124, 146–47, 182–83; reason and, 235–36; reasoning, 116; trivial versus nontrivial, 126; Turing, 106–15, 124–25, 145, 260–61; Wiener on, 29

machine learning, 2, 103

MacKay, Donald, 132

magical intuition, 227

magic phase, 222–23, 223n71

magnetism, 57, 60, 86

Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, 13

Malebranche, Nicolas, 120

Mangold, Hilde, 70n104

Margulis, Lynn, 28, 81–83

Mars, 34

Marx, Karl, 2, 183

material drive, 236

materialism, 30–31, 55, 143–44, 259

mathematical formalism, 37

mathematical intuition, 109-10

mathematical symbolism, 37

mathematics, 38, 75, 108, 110–11, 130, 187–88, 259

matter: in evolution, 170; force and, 198; form and, 148–49; intelligence and, 166, 168–69, 172-73; as internalized organs, 173; as movement, 170; organizing, 145; as product of life, 66

Matter and Memory (Bergson), 171

Matthews, Bruce, 61, 150

Maxwell's demon, 130-31

Mayr, Ernst, 142, 164

McCulloch, Warren, 123

McLuhan, Marshall, 77–78 the mechanical, the organic and, 104–5, 161

mechanical form, 62

mechanical laws, 47, 153–54

mechanical model, 11, 153-54

mechanical organicism, 3, 24, 103, 123-24

mechanical organism, 16

mechanical organs, 153-57

mechanics: Newtonian, 118–19, 122; quantum, 119–20, 122; statistical, 17, 31, 118–19, 122

mechanism, 4n8, 11, 211; advancement of, 105–6; Bergson on, 118, 164, 182; biology and, 71–72; Cartesian, 146; consciousness and, 182; Descartes on, 2-3, 155-57; industrialization and, 73–74; natural, 160; of nature, 57; organicism and, 70; organism and, 273–74; recursivity, contingency and, 138; reflective, 103; Schelling against, 68–69; in systemic philosophy, 42; vitalism and, 16–19, 70, 86, 145

mechanist cybernetics, 142

mechanology, 27, 200

Meillassoux, Quentin, 36–38, 251– 52, 257–62, 258n70, 278

memory, 4, 25–26, 131, 202, 205

Mensch, Jennifer, 2n3, 3n3

metabolism, of plant, 92

Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (Kant), 58

metaphysics: on being, beings, 104 5; of cybernetics, 107–8, 244–45; end of, 19–20; of Hegel, 184; Leibnizian, 119; of Spinoza, 48; will and, 105

Metaphysics (Aristotle), 12

metastability, 60, 208–9

索 引377