递归与偶然

milieu-technics, 185-86

mind, 7–12, 41–42, 52, 58, 85, 120

Ministry of Accelerationism, 264-65

mirror, 6, 54, 119, 121

modal logic, 12-14

model, of system, 42–46

modernity, 25, 104–5

modern technology, 229–31, 271, 276-77

monad, 5–6, 65-66, 117–21

Monadology (Leibniz), 116–17

monism, 65, 258

monotheism, 33

moral end, 9

Morin, Edgar, 21

morphology, 72, 91

movement, 13–15, 89, 100, 170

Mumford, Lewis, 16n29, 183

Musk, Elon, 34

Nancy, Jean-Luc, 233, 270

nationalism, 186

National Socialism, 186, 186n5

Natur, 9

natural end, 47, 49–50, 49n23, 125, 221

naturalism, 2, 262

natural logic, 167–68

natural mechanism, 160

natural science, 2, 34n61, 47, 68

natura naturata, natura naturans and, 63–64, 85, 87–88, 167, 210

nature: or art, 207–10; art and, 160; circularity of, 56–63; comprehended as a whole, 48; contingency of, 41, 94–96; death of, 12, 101–2; diversity of, 101; end of, 28, 233–34; force of, 64 65; freedom and, 50, 102; God and, 48; Heidegger on, 1; the Idea and, 101–2; invisible, 7–12, 58; Kant on, 46–48, 159–62; laws of,

41, 43; mechanism, purposiveness of, 57; mechanistic-technological triumph over, 25; mind and, 7, 10, 52, 58, 85; modernity triumphing over, 104–5; monads, 65–66; the Notion in, 93–97, 101; philosophy of, 8, 49; product in, 64; from productive imagination, 52-53; productivity of, 10; as recursive, 218; return to, 29; Romantic, 38-39; self-generation of, 54; soul and, 56–63; spirit and, 103; structure of, 61; subject and, 53–54, 64; system for, 68; systemizing, 43; technical systems and, 1; technics and, 155–56; technology and, 145; as whole, 57; as word, 187, 197, 207

Naturphilosophie, 42, 49; as ecology, 76; of Hegel, 92–93, 102–3; organicism and, 69–70, 102–3; recursivity in, 63–68; of Schelling, 44, 61–65, 68–70, 83, 102-3, 217–18; systems theory and, 75–76

necessity, 12n22, 14, 38; absolute, 100–101; contingency and, 44–45, 68, 86, 101; freedom and, 170–71; functional, 227; obligation and, 209–10; Schelling on, 42–43, 86

Needham, Joseph, 71–73, 124n114, 249–50, 264n80, 272, 277; on Haldane, 24n49; on Leibniz, 23, 24n48, 116; on Wiener, 121n100; Science and Civilisation in China by, 22-23

negation, 32, 52

the negative, 38

negative entropy, 131

negative feedback, 142

negative organology, 253

378 递归与偶然

negative principles, 60–61

negativity, 254

neo-Confucianism, 24

neo-Darwinism, 136-37

von Neumann, John, 145

neuron, 139

Newton, Isaac, 59, 80, 119

Newtonian mechanics, 118-19, 122

nicht-ich, 9-10

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 8, 28, 34, 34n61, 83, 105, 195

nihilism, 33, 53, 234, 241, 254

open machine, 189, 278

On the Existence of Digital Objects (Hui), 139, 187, 189–91, 210, 222;

nonground, 43

On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects (Simondon), 139, 187, 189–91, 210, 222

nonhuman, 37, 257, 263

onto-theology, 104

open system, 74

"On the World Soul" (Schelling), 61, 65, 150, 152

ontology, 33n59, 36–37, 49–50, 72, 259-61

operational equivalence, 192

the non-I, 52–54

nonlinear movement, 14

nonorganic beings, 11

the nonrational, 33, 98

Opium Wars, 24

nontrivial machine, 126

noosphere, 21–22, 219, 248–50, 264

objective contingency, 36

The Normal and the Pathological (Canguilhem), 179, 179n114 norms, 175-81, 216

objective knowledge, 129

objective subject-object, 53-54

obligation, 209-10

Occasionalism, 120

Odysseus, xiii-xv

oar, xiii-xv

object, 56, 198–99, 203, 209–10, 222, 224. See also subject-obje the Notion, 93–97, 97n38, 98, 101 146

Opus Postumum (Kant), 50

Odyssey (Homer), xiii

Oken, Lorenz, 75

On the Contingency of the Laws of Nature (Boutroux), 43

On the Aesthetic Education of Man (Schiller), 235

order, 130, 180

The Order of Things (Foucault), 267

the organic, 25; as epistemological concept, 104; Kant on, 2, 46, 83– 84, 184; the mechanical and, 104– 5, 161; recursivity, contingency on, 3; Schelling on, 61; system as, 44; in systemic thinking, 42

organic body, 32

organic condition, of philosophy, 47-51

organic form, 62, 67, 150–52, 158

organicism, 2, 2n3, 4, 16–17, 22–24, 259, 270–78; Bertalanffy on, 74; cybernetics and, 24; of Haldane, 121; mechanical, 103, 123–24; mechanism and, 70; Naturphilosophie and, 69-70, 102–3; Needham on, 23-25, 68-73; open system in, 74; on organization, 70–71; organology and, 146–49, 186; vitalism and, 70, 159; Whitehead and, 72

organicist logic, 90–93

organicist movement, 3 organicist paradigm, ecological paradigm and, 68–78

索 引379

organicity, 215–20, 227

organic philosophy, 116

organic thinking, 191

organism, 5, 9, 15, 23; absolute individuality in, 57; algorithms and, 147; biology of, 49, 182; cells of, 26n52; ecology and, 28–29; élan vital of, 166; general, 28, 44, 67, 69, 219–20; Goldstein on, 162; Kant on, 28–29, 47; living, 122–23; machine and, 124, 146–47, 182-83; mechanical 16; mechanism and, 273–74; ontology of, 72; preexistence of, 157; Schelling on, 60; Whitehead on, 72

organismic revolution, 74–75

organization, 18, 67, 70–71, 140

organizing inorganic, 28–29, 245

organology, 2, 4, 16, 22, 270–78; Bergson on, 163–75; of contingency, 200–207; cyborg and, 147; general, 25–26, 147, 157, 172, 176; individuation and, 200; on machines, 27; materialism and, 30–31; negative, 253; organicism and, 146–49, 186; proto-organology, 69; Simondon on, 187

organo-mechanical being, 145

organs: body and, 190-91; conflict of, 25–31; functional, 200; internalized, 173; mechanical, 153–57; projection of, 25–26, 161

origin, 206–7

original ground, 7, 43, 225

The Origin of Species (Darwin), 76n130

the other, 42, 99–100

over-chaos, 36-37

Oyama, Susan, 137

Parsons, Charles, 107

Parsons, Talcott, 20

particle, 58–59, 120

particular, universal and, 59–60

part-whole relations, 75, 194

passability, sensibility and, 264–70

Pasteur, Louis, xiv

pathology, 179–80, 180n115, 217

pattern generation, 114

phenomenalist objectivism, 189

phenomenology, 88, 214, 269

Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 86-91,95

Philebus (Plato), 61–62, 149–51

philosophical intuition, 228, 228n82

Philosophies of Nature after Schelling (Grant), 52

philosophy: of biology, 183-84; cybernetics, as end of, 105; end of, 234, 275; of identity, 53–54; as material proof of idealism, Schelling on, 53; of nature, 8, 49; organic condition of, 47–51; post-European, 278; science and, 32; systemic, 41-42

Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 96

physics, speculative, 61, 67

Pires, Edmundo Balsemão, 88–90

Pitts, Walter, 123

Planck, Max, 122

plants, 90, 92–93

Plato, 10; allegory of the cave, 167; Philebus by, 61–62, 149–51; Protagoras by, 151; Timaeus by, 5, 52, 57, 61–62, 67, 151; on world soul, 57–58, 62

Platonism, 177

play drive, 236

pluralism, 258, 263

Poincaré, Henri, 11

polarity, 57

positive, negative principles, 60–61

positive feedback, 134–35, 142, 263

380 递归与偶然

positivism, 45–46, 189–90

possibility, 11–13, 12n22, 100

possible contingency, 12n22

posthuman, 30-32, 185–86, 245–46

"The Question Concerning Technology" (Heidegger), 30
The Question Concerning Technology in China (Hui), xii, xv, 30n55, 228n82, 262-265, 274- 277

The Postmodern Condition (Lyotard), 237, 244, 268

postmodernism, 38

postmodernity, 235-45

randomness, 13, 139

poststructuralism, 256

rationalism, 33, 221

potency, 61-62, 71, 141, 190, 196

rationality, 14, 143

potentials, 197

Ravaisson, Félix, 169–70

power, 143

realism, 23, 48, 53, 65

powers of excitation, 61

real necessity, 100

practical reason, 50

real systems, 118

preemption, 210-15

preindividual, 197

primary protention, 201

primary retention, 201

Principia Mathematica (Russell and Whitehead), 109–10

The Principle of Reason (Heidegger), 230

reason, 11–12, 115, 234, 258; adventure of, 2–7; ground and, 116–17; Hegel on, 175, 235; Kant on, 44–45, 45n5; machine and, 235-36; in modern technology, 230–31; on natural end, 47; practical, 50; reflective judgment and, 50–51; speculative, 31–32, 44–45; theoretical, 50; unity of, 3n7

Principles of Philosophy (Descartes) 155

probability, 11, 13

productive imagination, 52-53

reasoning machine, 116

reciprocity, 46, 57, 66

productivity, of nature, 10

recurrent causality, 190

projection, of organs, 25-26, 161

Prometheus, 151-52

prospective potency, significance, 71

Protagoras (Plato), 151

protention, 201, 210–16 recursion, xiv; beginning, 7; digital, 114; feedback and, 124–25; forms of, 10; idealism and, 127–28; as the infinite, in the finite, 6; Lyotard on, 252; in pattern generation, 114; as structural, operational, 4-5

proto-organology, 69

psychic individuation, 193–200, 202

psychologism, 194

purposiveness, 57, 208

recursive algorithms, 217, 235–36

recursive circuit, 217

quantum mechanics, 119–20, 122 recursive function, 110–13, 124–25, 210-11

"Ouantum Mechanics, Haldane, and Leibniz" (Wiener), 120

recursive model, 54-56

recursive reciprocity, 66

quasi-causality, 206 quasi cause, xii, 18, 201, 206 recursivity: from absolute unity, 54; of act, 9; being in becoming, 6;

索 引381

in being organic, 42; Bergson on, 170; Critique of Judgment on,

55; in cybernetics, 86, 104, 125; of epistemology, 127; Fichte on, 54–55, 55n47, 128–29; general,

106–15; of Hegel, 129; of history, 11; in ich, of Fichte, 51–55; as immanence, 8; iteration, 52; of knowing, 133–34; of life, 175–76; with loops, 128; in mathematics, 110; models of, 86–87; of nature,

218; in Naturphilosophie, 63-68; of nonorganic beings, 11; in Phenomenology of Spirit, 86–90; postmodernity and, 235–45; in psychic, collective individuation, 193–200; reflectivity versus, 54; in scientific knowledge, 141; Simondon on, 187, 203; of soul,

4; Stiegler on, 201

recursivity, contingency and: in Hegel, 85–86; mechanism, 138; movement, 15; on the organic, 3; organicism, organology and, 2; in Schelling, 85–86; singularity of, 6–7; in systems, 1, 85

reductionism, 16, 145–46, 261

reflected contingency, 101

reflection, 6, 52; anticipation and, 219-20; feedback as, 123–24; Lyotard on, 239; in phenomenology, 88; as process, 106; as recursivity, with loops, 128; self-reflection, 103

reflective being, 99

reflective judgment, 45n8, 140–41, 240; act and, 9; Critique of Judgment on, 45, 47, 49, 49n23, 237; reason and, 50–51

reflective logic, 90–93, 105, 107

reflective mechanism, 103

reflectivity, 45, 54

reframing, 34

Reinhardt, Django, 206

Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, 52

reiteration, 260

religion, 35, 223, 227–28

repetition, 4, 37-38, 61, 93, 100, 115, 133, 169, 183, 201, 225, 238, 258-260

repulsion, attraction and, 58-59

repulsive force, 80

resilience, 22

resituate technology, 220-21

retention, 201-2, 212-13

retina, 126, 131–32

return to nature, 29

Richards, Robert, 69

Romantic Ecology, 69

Romanticism, 11, 29, 38–39, 65, 68-69,186

Rosenblueth, Arturo, 123

Roux, Wilhelm, 16

Russell, Bertrand, 109–10

Ruyer, Raymond, 122n104, 142

Sagan, Dorian, 140

Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy, 90-91

sameness, as difference, 133

Samuel, Arthur, 138

Schelling, Friedrich, 147–49, 207–8, 219–20; on the Absolute, 53–54, 87n4, 95; on attraction, repulsion and, 58–59; on Brown, 61; on contingency, 43, 95; defining philosophy, 53; on dynamic atoms, 65–66; on evil, 34, 224–25; Fichte and, 53–54, 150; First Outline of a System of Philosophy by, 61, 63, 66; on forces, 58–59; Hegel on, 53–54, 87, 87n6, 91; Heidegger and, 10, 33n60; Historical-Critical

382

递归与偶然

Introduction to tne Pnilosopny Introduction to the Philosophy of Mythology by, 79; Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature by, 57–58, 61; on inhibition, 95; Kant and, 51, 56–60, 62; late philosophy of, 42–44; on life, 60; against mechanism, 68–69; on mind, nature, 10, 58; on nature, as subject, 64; on nature monads, 65–66; Naturphilosophie of, 44, 61–65, 68-70, 83, 102–3, 217–18; on necessity, 42–43, 86; on Newtonian gravitational force, 59; on object, consciousness and, 56; on objective subject-object, 53- 54; on the organic, 61; on organic form, 150–51; on organism, 60; on organization, 67; on particles, 58–59; proto-organology of, 69; on recursive reciprocity, 66; on recursivity, contingency and, 85–86; Schelling's Treaties on Human Freedom by, 225; on Scherer, 57; speculative physics of, 61; Spinoza and, 58, 63–64, 87-88; against subject-object dualism, 53-54; on system, 55; as systemic thinker, 43–44; systemizing nature, 43; on the thing, 52; Treatise on the Essence of Human Freedom by, 44, 68; on whirlpool, 64–65; "On the World Soul" by, 61, 65, 150, 152

Schelling's Organic Form of Philosophy—Life as the Scheme of Freedom (Matthews), 61

Schelling's Treaties on Human Freedom (Schelling), 225

Scherer, Alexander Nicolaus, 57

Schiller, Friedrich, 235–36, 247–48, 266,277

Schmied-Kowarzik, Wolfdietrich, 88, 101-2

Schmitt, Carl, 247

Schneider, Eric, 140

Schütz, Christian Gottfried, 52

Schwämerei, 44–45, 259

science, 2, 32, 34n61, 47, 68, 175– 76, 243, 266. See also Chinese science and technology; life science

Science and Civilisation in China (Needham), 22-23

The Science of Logic (Hegel), 87–88, 92,96, 98

scientific humanism, 246–47

scientific knowledge, 141, 156

secondary protention, 201

secondary retention, 201

second law of thermodynamics, 130, 140

second-order cybernetics, 143

seed, 93

self, other and, 99–100

self-argumentation, 21

self-causation, 63

self-consciousness, 86, 98-103, 129

self-contained whole, system as, 55

self-generation, of nature, 54

self-knowledge, 134

self-organization, 75, 240

self-reference, 89

self-reflection, 103

self-will, 225-26

sensibility, passibility and, 264–70

Shannon, Claude, 18, 130

sheer contingency, 52

sickness, 18n34

signification, 210

Simondon, Gilbert, 17-19, 26-27, 29–30, 131, 135–36, 140, 148, 163, 185–86, 188,

索 引383

192; on co-naturality, 226; on

contingency, 28; on convergence,

state, 238

249; on Critique of Judgment, statistical mechanics, 17, 31, 118–19, 122

190; on cybernetics, 28n53, 228,

steam engine, 80–81, 123, 188

273; on Gestalt psychology,

223–24; on Heidegger, 229,

steering process, 19-20

274; on indetermination, 235; on individuation, 194–200, 202–3,

Steps to an Ecology of Mind (Bateson), 132-33

Stiegler, Bernard, 26, 28, 152, 187, 200-201,203-11

stochastic music, 1415

structure, operation and, 4–5, 10, 62, 188-194, 222, 227

subject, 51–54, 64

subjective subject-object, 53-54

subjectivists, 36

227; on organology, 187; on recursivity, 187, 203

subject-object, 29, 37, 53–54, 56, 107

Skolem, Thoralf, 110

sublation, 4-5

Sloterdijk, Peter, 186

the sublime, 241, 253

smart technology, 215–16, 215n59

social order, 20n37

social system, 20, 244 substance, 5-6, 12, 30, 32, 48, 63, 65, 80, 90, 105, 117-119, 121, 133, 188

The Society of Society (Lyotard), 240

substantialism, 188

Socrates, 61–62, 150

superintelligence, 256

software, 252

solar catastrophe, 251–52

superorganism, 79–80, 219–20

solitude, 195

soul: Aristotle on, 118; Cartesians on, 5–6; circularity of, 56–63; coming back to itself, 56, 62; Leibniz on, 118; nature and, 56–63; organic body and, 32; recursivity of, 4; as structure, operation, 5; as the unknown, 33; world soul, 57–58, 62, 67

surrealism, 210

Spencer-Brown, George, 17

spirit, 86, 89, 103, 152–53

speculative reason, 31-32, 44–45

specialization, 21

symbiogenesis, 82–83

speculative physics, 32, 58, 61, 67

Spinoza, Baruch, 5, 7, 48, 58, 63–65, 87-88,167

symbolic logic, 110–11

symbolism, 33, 37, 115–16

synthesis, 4–5

synthetic biology, 217-18

system: contingency after, 256–63; emergence of, 20; foundation of, 37–38; homeostatic, 82; Lyotard on, 237–42; mechanical, 239; model of, 42–46; for nature, 68; open, 74; as organic being, 44; postmodern, 237; recursivity, contingency in, 85; Schelling on, 55; social, 20, 244; transforming, 28

systematic objective knowledge, 129

384 递归与偶然

Le système nouveau de la nature (Leibniz), 120

Le système technicien (Ellul), 244

systemic philosophy, 41-42

systemic thinking, 42-44

systemization, 35, 43–44, 54–56, 186,248

systems: artificial, real, 118; evolution of, 1; God, in emergence of, 20; inorganic organicity, of society, 218-19; recursivity, contingency in, 1, 85; technical, 1-2, 223, 242–44

systems theory, 2, 5, 20, 22, 73–76, 102–3, 192, 239–41, 244–45

Taoism, 271–72

Tarde, Gabriel, 179

Taylorism, 183

technē, 30, 127, 207–8

technical heredity, 26

technical individuals, elements and ensembles, 190, 199

technical object, xiv, xv, 21, 123- 124, 138-140, 161,175-177, 187-191, 198–99, 203, 209–10, 222,224

technical reality, 30, 222

technical systems, 1-2, 21, 41-42, 76, 210, 218, 223, 235, 242–44, 256

technics, 42, 138, 152, 155–57, 185– 87, 206–7, 223, 227–28. See also cosmotechnics

technodiversity, 27, 256, 263, 272– 73, 275-76

technological acceleration, 32

technology: Chinese, 22–23, 265, 271-72, 277; communication, 83; contingency and, 193–94; culture and, 26–27, 223; cybernetic, 27; ecology and,

77–78; in evolution, 27; Gestell, of modern, 229; globalization of, 233–34; God and, 35; Goebbels on, 186n5; ground of, 223, 226; Kant, as philosopher of, 157–63; mechanology, 200; modern, 229– 31, 271, 276–77; nature and, 145; organs and, 25–26; philosophy of, 159; resituate, 220–21; smart, 215-16, 215n59; specialization, diversification of, 21; universality of, 265

technosphere, 21–22, 22n43, 245–50

Teilhard Center for the Future of Man, 22

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 2, 21– 22, 186, 219–20, 248–49, 264

teleological judgment, 4, 8–9, 46, 47n16,50 D1127

teleology, 45n7, 47, 93, 142, 149, 157,221,157

teleo-mechanism, 4n8

teleonomy, 142

tension, 170–71

tertiary protention, 210–16, 243

tertiary retention, 201, 211–6, 274

Tesla Roadster, 34

The Obsolescence of Man (Anders), 245-46

theology, 104, 143

Theoretical Biology Club, 22

Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770 (Kant), 3n4

theoretical reason, 50

thesis, antithesis and, 4–5, 47n16, 50

the thing, 52

thinking: algorithmic, 114–15, 227; allagmatic, 193-94, 220–21, 227–28; cosmotechnical, 39, 105; loop, 141–42; organic, 191. See also systemic thinking

Third Industrial Revolution, 215-16

索引385

Thompson, D'Arcy, 72, 114

A Thousand Plateaus (Deleuze), 271-72

Ungrund, 43

Tilliette, Xavier, 63n78 unification, differentiation and, 56, 60

uniformitarianism, 79

Timaeus (Plato), 5, 52, 57, 61–62, 67,151

unity, 3n7, 53–54, 57, 62, 99, 150

universal, particular and, 59–60

time and space, 13

the universal, 12-13

time-consciousness, 213

universal cybernetics, 187-93

Tiresias, xiii-xiv

universal symbolism, 115-16

tools, 203, 248

universal will, 34. 225-26

totalization, 21

the unknown, 33, 35, 141, 229–32

Toward the Postmodern (Lyotard), 256

unthinged ground, 87

Urgrund, 7, 43, 225, 231

transcendental deduction, 44

transevaluation, 222

value, 226

transhumanism, 2, 32, 246–47, 254

Varela, Francisco J., 127-28

transindividuality, 195–96, 198–99, 208

virtualities, 197

vis viva, 65

transitive causality, 67

vital force, 70

The Treatise on Man (Descartes), 154, 157

vitalism, 4, 16–19, 70, 86, 136, 145, 159, 176

Treatise on the Essence of Human Freedom (Schelling), 44, 68

trivial machine, 126

Waddington, Conrad, 75–76, 114n85, 136–37, 203-4

Turing, Alan, 72, 105–6, 113–14

Turing machine, 106–15, 124–25, 145,260-61

Watt, James, 69, 78, 80–81, 81n145, 123

wave-particle dualism, 120

Twilight of the Idols (Nietzsche), 83

Weismann, August, 26

Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Bergson), 167, 169, 173–74, 173n89,174n90

What Computers Cannot Do? A Critique of Artificial Reason (Dreyfus), 252–53

tyche, 13–14, 32

whirlpool, 64–65

Whitehead, Alfred North, 3, 24, 71–72, 109–10, 183, 266–67

von Uexküll, Jacob, 181
Umgebung, 182
Umwelt, 182, 244
Unbedingt, 36
Unbedingte, 52
uncanny fire, 181-84
the Unconditional, 68
unconditional I, 52

whole, nature as, 57

Wiener, Norbert, 107–8, 115–17, 119, 122–24, 130, 139, 184, 190–91; Cybernetics Communication and Control in Man and Animals by, 17–18, 118, 192; cybernetics of, 121, 147, 192, 221; on machine, 29;

386

递归与偶然

"Quantum Mechanics, Haldane, and Leibniz" by, 120

will, 105, 225–26

The Will to Power (Nietzsche), 34
window, 6

winnowing fan, xiv

Wissenschaftslehre (Fichte), 53-55

Wolfe, Charles, 149n5

Wolfram, Stephen, 145

Wood, Allen, 55n47

Woodger, Joseph, 16–17, 71, 73

Woodward, Ashley, 254

world cause, 49

world soul, 57–58, 62, 67

Xenakis, Iannis, 14–15

Zarathustra, 8, 195

zoology, 96

索 引387