技术与文明

1879：碳素辉光灯[爱迪生（Edison)]。

1879：电气化铁路。

1880：自行车中使用锥形滚珠轴承和碗档。

1880：电梯[西门子（Siemens)]。

1882：第一个中央电站[爱迪生（Edison)]。

1882：电影摄影机（Marly）。

1882：蒸汽涡轮机(De Laval)。

1883：可驾驶的飞船（Tissandier兄弟）。

1883：高速内燃机（Daimler）。

1884：钢结构摩天大楼（芝加哥）。

1884：可卡因（Singer）。

1884：莱诺整行铸排机（Mergenthaler）。

1884：用于大落差瀑布的涡轮机（Pelton）。

1884：无烟火药（Duttenhofer）。

1884：蒸汽轮机（Parsons）。

1885：国际标准时间。

1886：电解法制铝（Hall）。

1886：手持照相机（Eastman）。

1886：无菌手术（Bergmann）。

1886：吹玻璃瓶机。

1887：多相交流发电机[特斯拉（Tesla)]。

1887：自动电话。

1887：电磁波[赫兹（Hertz)]。

1887：自动排铸机（Leviston）。

1888：记录式加法机（Burroughs）。

1889：从废棉中提取人造丝（Chardonnet)。

1889：黑（硬）胶唱片。

1889：埃菲尔铁塔。

1889：现代电影摄影机[爱迪生（Edison）]。

1890：检波器（Branly）。

1890：自行车的充气轮胎。

1892：碳化钙(Willson and Moissan)。

1893—1898：狄塞尔（Diesel）发动机。

1892：从木浆中提取人造丝(Cross，Bevan and Beadle)。

1893：电影[爱迪生（Edison）]。

发明年表

399

1893：焦炉的副产品（Hoffman）。

1894：Jenkin的万花筒——第一个现代形式的电影。

1895：电影放映机[爱迪生（Edison）]。

1895：X射线（Roentgen）。

1896：蒸汽驱动在飞机场的飞行——无人驾驶飞行半英里（Langley）。

1896：无线电报[马可尼（Marconi)]。

1896：辐射作用（Becquerel）。

1898：饿丝灯（Welsbach）。

1898：镭（居里夫妇）。

1898：田园城市（霍华德）。

1899：用于长途电报和长途电话的加感线圈[普平（Pupin)]。

20世纪

科学研究实验室的普及。

1900：高速工具钢（Taylor &White）。

1900：能斯特灯。

1900：量子理论[普朗克（Planck）]。

1901：美国国家标准局。

1902：履带车辆的履带改进（参看1770年条目）。

1902：径流式飞机发动机（CharlesManly）。

1903：第一次载人飞行[奥维尔·莱特和威尔伯·莱特兄弟（Orville and WilburWright)]。

1903：利用电力来固定氮。

1903：电弧法固定氮(Birkeland and Eyde)。

1903：无线电话。

1903：德意志博物馆（慕尼黑）。

1903：燃油汽艇。

1903：钽丝灯(Von Bolton)。

1904：饰纹管。

1904：摩尔管灯（装饰广告用的放电管灯——编者注）。

1905：旋转水银泵（Gaede）。

1905：氨腈法固定氮（Rothe）。

1906：合成树脂[贝克兰（Baekeland)]。

1906：三极管[德福雷斯特（De Forest)]。

1907：自动制瓶机（Owen）。

400

技术与文明

1907：钨灯。

1907：电视摄像（Korn）。

1908：为工业服务的技术博物馆（维也纳）。

1909：硬铝合金（Wilm）。

1910：陀螺-罗盘[斯佩里（Sperry）]。

1910：合成氨法固定氮（Haber）。

1912：维生素（Hopkins）。

1913：钨丝灯（Coolidge）。

1920：无线电广播。

1922：颜色器官的完善（Wilfred）。

1927：无线电视。

1933：考虑了空气动力学的汽车（Fuller)。

(陈允明译)

发明年表

401

参考文献

1: General Introduction

Books cannot take the place of first-hand exploration: hence any study of technics should begin with a survey of a region, working through from the actual life of a concrete group to the detailed or generalized study of the machine. This approach is all the more necessary for the reason that our intellectual interests are already so specialized that we habitually begin our thinking with abstractions and fragments which are as difficult to unify by the methods of specialism as were the broken pieces of Humpty-Dumpty after he had fallen off the wall. Open-air observation in the field, and experience as a worker, taking an active part in the processes around us, are the two fundamental means for overcoming the paralysis of specialism. As a secondary means for going deeper into technical operations and equipment, particularly for laymen whose training and scope of experience are limited, the Industrial Museum is helpful. The earliest of these is the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris: educationally however it is a mere storehouse. The most exhaustive is the Deutsches Museum in München; but its collections have a little over-reached themselves in bigness and one loses sight of the forest for the trees. Perhaps the best sections in it are the dramatic reconstructions of mines; this feature has been copied at the Rosenwald Museum in Chicago. The Museums in Wien and in London both have educational value, without being overwhelming. One of the best of the small museums is the Museum of Science and Industry in New York. The new museum of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, and that of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington are respectively the latest and the oldest in the United States. The Museum of the Bucks County Historical Society at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, is full of interesting eotechnic relics.

Up to the present the only general introductions in English of any value have been Stuart Chase's Men and Machines and Harold Rugg's The Great Technology. Each has the limitation of historical foreshortening; but Chase is good in his description of modern technical improvements and Rugg is valuable for his various educational suggestions. There is no single, comprehensive and adequate history of technics in English. Usher's A History of Mechanical Inventions is the nearest approach to it. While it does not cover every aspect of technics, it treats critically and exhaustively whatever it does touch, and the earlier chapters on the equipment of antiquity and the development of the clock are particularly excellent summaries. It is perhaps the most convenient and accurate work in English. In German the series of books done by Franz Marie Feldhaus, particularly his Ruhmesblätter der Technik, would be valuable for their illustrations alone; they form the core of any historical library. Both Usher and Feldhaus are useful for their comments on sources and books. Topping all these books is that monument of twentieth century scholarship, Der Moderne Kapitalismus, by Werner Sombart. There is scarcely any aspect of Western European life from the tenth century on that has escaped Sombart's eagle-like vision and mole-like industry; and his annotated bibliographies would almost repay publication by themselves. The Evolution of Modern Capitalism, by J. A. Hobson, parallels Sombart's work; and while the original edition drew specially on English sources his latest edition openly acknowledges a debt to Sombart. In America Thorstein Veblen's works, taken as a whole, including his lessappreciated books like Imperial Germany and The Nature of Peace, form a unique contribution to the subject. For the resources of modern technics Erich Zimmerman's recent survey of Worid Resources and World Industries fills what up to recently had been a serious gap; this is complemented, in a degree, by H. G. Wells's somewhat diffuse study of the physical processes of modern life in his The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind.

403

For further comment on some of the more important books see the following list. The Roman numerals in brackets refer to the relevant chapter or chapters.

2: List of Books

404

技术与文明

参考文献

405

406

技术与文明

参考文献

407

408

技术与文明