Chartbeat, 131, 132
chronos, 80, 149
Chun, Wendy, 28, 149
clicking consciously, 101, 109–13, 114
collaborative filtering, 1, 114, 154
communication studies, 15, 72
computable friendships, 8–12 see also Facebook friendships; programmed sociality
computational journalism see journalism
computational thinking, 145–46
computer-assisted reporting (CAR), 122, 123
configurations see algorithmic configurations
Cooren, François, 125, 126
co-production, 1, 72
Couldry, Nick, 6, 63, 68
Cox, Chris, 79, 86–87
critical algorithm studies, 15, 29, 35
culture, 29, 38, 39, 60, 71, 90, 117 algorithms and, 31–32, 150 computing, 72, 87 at Facebook, 68, 69, 70–72, 81–82, 91 of secrecy, 43 software studies, 29–30
cybernetics, 43, 59–60, 61, 62, 77, 115
cyborgs, 63, 97 Danish news media, 124, 125, 130, 131, 143
see also Scandinavian news media
data analytics, 2, 122, 130, 131, 132
data mining, 28, 32
data structures, 5, 22–23
databases, 2, 5, 22, 25, 32, 122, 133
De Vries, Katja, 102, 115
decision-making see algorithmic decision-making; human decision-making
DeepFace (Facebook), 27
definitions of algorithms, 19, 20, 21–22, 23, 28, 30, 157, 158
Deleuze, Gilles, 49, 51, 73, 88, 94
democratic function of journalism, 132, 139
democratic society, threats to, 119, 129, 141
deterministic algorithms, 23–24
Deuze, Mark, 1, 66–67
Diakopoulos, Nick, 29, 33–35, 60, 122
disciplinary power, 37, 88–89, 91–92
disciplinary societies, 83, 84, 88
Discover Weekly (Spotify), 54
discrimination see algorithmic discrimination; bias; “racist” algorithms
Dodge, Martin 14, 29, 30, 114
Dourish, Paul 5, 56–57
echo chambers, 121–22, 129, 139, 142 EdgeRank algorithm (Facebook), 77–78, 80, 82, 97 editorial responsibility, 121–122, 135, 141–42, 148 see also Facebook news feed; journalism
Elmer, Greg, 13, 102
encounters with algorithms, 14, 17, 93–101, 109, 113–17, 148, 150–51, 156–57 clicking consciously everyday, 109–13 personal stories, 7–8, 17, 98–117 phenomenological perspective, 61–63 “strange encounters,” 63, 100
engineering participation, 69–74 see also Facebook news feed
Enlightenment vision, 42, 44, 47, 59
entanglement, 14, 16, 20, 31, 38, 68, 72, 148, 151
Entscheidungsproblem, 21
epistemology of algorithms, 16, 42, 46, 56, 59–60, 64–65
Espeland, Wendy N., 9, 32
eventfulness of algorithms, 16, 20, 48–55, 121, 142, 145, 147
experimentation, 48, 60, 62
Facebook, 1–2, 5, 18, 25, 28, 41, 47–48, 58, 60, 66–68, 85, 95, 129, 132, 143–144, 148–151 see also Facebook friendships; Facebook news feed; Zuckerberg, Mark engineering culture, 68–72, 81–82, 91 face recognition, 26–27 goals of, 69, 71–72, 150 “hacker way,” 69–72 headquarters, 70–71, 81, 91 openness, ethics of, 70–71 work in progress, 28, 48
Facebook Chat, 71, 79
Facebook friendships, 4–15, 13, 98, 109, 153 concept of friendship, 8–9 “guilt by association,” 13–15 PYMK feature, 9, 14 target ads, 13, 14, 80, 101–2 “top friends,” 10–11
Facebook Help Center, 74–75
Facebook news feed, 2, 10, 15, 16–17, 38, 39, 53, 62, 67, 68, 71, 74–77, 80–81, 89, 106, 136, 141, 142, 144, 148, 156 algorithmic architecture, 85, 87–88 algorithmic logic, 17, 67, 75 “Californian code,” 119, 121, 129, 141 censorship allegations, 58–59, 119, 121, 148, 152 communication stories, 85–87, 89 competition, 85, 86 editorial responsibility, 55, 118, 119, 121, 141, 152 emotion experiment (2014), 75, 76 “fake news,” 119, 121, 147, 156, 157 friendships see Facebook friendships gatekeeping, 88, 98 “most recent”/ “top news” versions, 74–6, 85–7 News Feed FYI (blog series), 74, 80, 87 participatory subjectivity, 17, 88–90, 155 personal algorithm stories, 7–8, 95–96, 98–100–2, 104–5, 107–8 ranking algorithm, 77–82, 91, 155–56 reverse engineering, 113 “Terror of War” image controversy (2016), 58–59, 97, 119, 125–26, 148 Ticker, 74, 86 trending topics controversy (2016), 51–52, 53, 55–56, 118–19, 121, 152 visibility, 17, 75, 78–79, 84, 88, 92, 159 threat of invisibility, 17, 84–89, 96 ‘Year in Review’ fiasco, 104
facial recognition, 26–28, 35
fake news, 118, 119, 121, 147, 148, 156, 157
feature engineering, 25
filter bubbles, 34, 121, 129, 139, 140, 142, 146, 154
financial accountability, 129, 141
folk theories, 97
Foucault, Michel, 17, 20, 32, 73–74, 94, 120, 143, 147 government and governmentality, 32, 33, 36–38, 73, 156 panopticism, concept of, 82–84, 85, 92 power, concept of, 3, 33–35, 37, 69, 73, 83, 116–17, 153, 155 disciplinary model, 37, 88–89, 91–92 surveillance, notion of, 17, 82, 83, 88, 91, 92
friendship, 5, 6, 8–9, 12–13, 13–14 computable, 5, 8–12 see also Facebook friendships; programmed sociality
Galison, Peter, 43, 44
Galloway, Alexander, 30, 45, 61
Gans, Herbert, Deciding What’s News, 130–31
gatekeeping, 7–8, 34, 88, 98, 107, 112, 132, 138
Gillespie, Tarleton, 5, 9, 15, 22, 25, 29, 30–33, 36, 72, 76, 81, 101, 110–11, 113, 152, 156, 157
Gomez-Uribe, C.A., 47–48
Google, 6, 27, 35, 36, 41, 45, 51, 60, 107, 129, 131, 141, 143, 149, 152 Flu Tracker, 28–29 “racist” algorithms, 27–28, 51
government and governmentality, 32, 33, 36–38, 73, 156
Gray, Rebecca, 96, 115
Guardian, 52, 77
196
Index