European Union, combined manufacturing output 333
Exchange rates, and role of state 265; and distribution of surplus value between capitalist classes 266
Exchange value 23, 25; in Adam Smith 22
Expenditures that do not contribute to accumulation 128-9 see also Waste, Leaks
Explaining the Crisis (Chris Harman) 14, 16
Exploitation 28-35; and accumulation 37; rate of 38; and impact on rate of profit 72-73
Export barrier 204
Export of capital see Capital exports
Export oriented development 219; and growing debt 219
Exports, role in German and Japanese economies 171
Family wage 132
Famine, Irish 40
Farmers, small, number in 21st century 322
Federal Reserve 8, 149 see also Volcker, Paul; Greenspan, Alan; Bernanke, Ben
Fertilisers in USSR 177; and global food output 321
Fetishism of commodities 33, 65; and alienation 28
Feuerbach, Ludwig, on alienation and religion 13
Fiat money 27
Fictitious accumulation 299
Fictitious capital 65; and intensification of boom-slump cycle 66
Filmer, Deon, study of world workforce 331-2
Finance and "financialisation" theories, 292-298
Finance capital 90-92; Hilferding on 89-92; Lenin on 98; Bukharin on 98; and interests of productive capital 293-4, 297, 298; during years of slump and long boom 279
Finance in recovery of 1 980s 283; blamed for deterioration of system 293-5
Index
Finance Capital (Rudolf Hilferding) 90-91
Finance, speculation and the crisis, 65-67; impact on workers budgets 279-80
Financial bubbles, and demand for output of real economy 287; in Japan late 1980s, reason for 214
Financial assets, global, and global output 1980-2005 278
Financial capital, national dimension to 259
Financial corporations, US, growth in valuation of 278
Financial crisis, of 1 907 92; increased frequency of 280; of 2007-8 1 1
Financial flows, international flows of in 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s 279
Financial industry, investment as share of total investment, US and Britain 295
Financial institutions 63; and the expansion of credit 64
Financial instruments 286
Financial labour 123
Financial protectionism 301-2
Financial system, origin of 63
Financial Times, praise for leting Lehman Brothers go bust 291
Financialisation 277-292, as temporary motor to world economy 289
Financialisation theory 292-8, 299, 385, 386
Fine, Ben, on academicisation of Marxism 48; on fog of markets caused by financialisation 299
First World War 89
Fiscal measures 149, 162 see also Keynesianism
Fischer, Irving, on problem with word "utility" 43; optimism after Wall Street Crash 144; monetarist explanation for slump 145
"Flexible production" 261
Food, and capitalism 320-322; crunch, threat of 322; price rises of 2007-8 320; security 322; production and population growth in 20th century 320-21
Ford 284; River Rouge plant 152;
409