alienation in 138
concept of 128–131
levels of 133
Sombart, Werner 11–12
speech patterns 113
strong leadership 86, 99 right-wing authoritarian ideology 86
structures capitalist society 21, 141 communication 128–129 economic/non-economic 129–131 material/non-material 129–131
as element of technological fetishism 95 subvertisement 151
surveillance 32–33, 64, 69, 73, 91, 96, 137, 160–162, 170–171, 207, 209, 211, 229, 232, 315 audience labour, digital labour 161
targeted advertising 9, 87, 91, 157, 161–162, 164, 194, 207, 209–211, 213, 219, 221–223, 279, 295 audience labour, digital labour 162 crisis 219–223
technological fetishism 94, 100, 267 big data capitalism 94–96 features of 95–96 optimism 95–96 pessimism 95–96
technological optimism 95
technologies for communication primary 136 quaternary 136 quinary 136 secondary 136 tertiary 136
technology 46–48 as one-dimensional cause, digital determinism 95
television 107, 149, 157, 170, 173, 207, 219–220, 236–237, 295–296, 298–299, 302, 306 global advertising revenue 220
tertiary communication technologies 136
theorists 39–174
tools 8, 85, 87, 98, 100, 150, 186, 236, 248
top-down leadership, in digital authoritarianism 113–114
trade unions 7, 61, 63–64, 69, 72, 209, 249, 315
transnational digital corporations 32, 52, 59–61, 71–72, 314
Trump, Donald 30, 87, 105, 113, 117–118, 125, 244, 252, 315 on military affairs 118 speech patterns 113
“Twitter and Facebook Revolutions,” 223–225
types of labour, characteristics of 248
types of means of communication 136
Uber’s self-presentation, worker freedom model 58
understanding communications today, elements in Marx’s works, social struggles 180
unions 72
United Kingdom, Arts and Humanities Research Council 179
unpaid digital labour 203, 231, 247–248, 250
USA 50, 54, 84–86, 115, 166, 214–217, 235, 237–238, 245–246, 269, 276, 296 capital share in 217
Index
327