Baidu 33, 35, 42, 53–4, 80
Banks, Ian 26
Bastani, Aaron 6
Baum, Seth D. 11, 113–14, 165n5,
165n6
BAYOU ML 79
Benanav, Aaron 141–2
Bennett, Jane 161
Benton, Ted 119
Bernes, Jasper 147–9, 153
Bezos, Jeff 1
Blade Runner 25–6
Boeing 159
Bost, Matthew W. 67
Bostrom, Nick 11, 129, 151
Bratton, Benjamin 112, 152
Brexit 101
Brin, Sergey 1, 4, 37
Brooks, Rodney 12
Brynjolfsson, Erik 87–8
bubbles 44–6
‘Business-as-Usual’ view 87, 88–9, 91,
109, 142
business investment, since 2008 crash
45–6, 80
Caffe2 53
Caffentzis, George 19, 23–4, 132
call centres 83–4, 93
Cambridge Analytica 100
Čapek, Karel 133–5
capital AI as technical fix for problems of 71–2, 73, 74–5 circulating 70–4, 79–80, 82–7 constant 15–21 falling rate of profit and 17–18, 19 fixed 15–21, 16, 63–4, 69–70, 79–80, 133, 134, 137, 163n5, 164n5 freedom from 155–6 humans, emancipation from 7, 32, 111, 140–4, 145, 149, 157–9 organic composition of 17, 19, 24, 141, 155 personification of 138–9 state support of 38–42 variable 15, 17, 18, 69–70, 138–9
CAPTCHA codes 122–3, 124
caregiving 95
casino workers 68
chatbots 58–9, 60, 83, 92
chess (Deep Blue) 12, 36, 127
China AI development by 40–1, 80 automated stores in 85 communist views of AI in 166n1 labour issues in 74, 81 resistance in 102 US competition with 35, 40–1
Chinese Room experiment 11, 126
choice (by humans), replacement of 56–8, 98, 140, 145
circulation of capital 70–4, 79–80, 82–7
citizens’ income (universal basic income, UBI) 6, 143, 146, 150–1
citizenship 137
class composition 69–75, 79
class conflict 16–17, 101
class power 69, 73
Clegg, John 141–2
closed source creep 54–6
cloud (the) 42–3
CNN (convolutional neural networks) 120, 165n12
CNTK 53
Cockshott, Paul 119, 125
cognition ambient intelligence and 58–60 ANNs and 13 GOFAI and 11–12 human, as a restraint 52, 57 Marx on 117–18, 119 means of 31, 62–7 SED and 12 use of term 31, 52
cognitive capitalism 31, 63 see also post-Fordism
Collins, Harry 24–5
commodities 132–4, 137–8
communication 58–60, 65 see also replacement: of human interaction
communism of capitalism 56
communist orientation to AI 149–56, 160–2, 166n1
competition 17
compulsion 135
concentration 41, 42, 43–4, 107–8
consciousness 11, 113, 116–17, 126–7, 139
constant vs fixed capital 15–21
consumption 17, 18 see also circulation of capital
content moderation 78
control function 23
convolutional neural networks (CNN) 120, 165n12
Cook, Mike 25
corvée 135
creativity 110, 117, 118, 120–1, 126
crises/recessions 17–18, 21, 39, 45–6, 73, 142
‘Culture’ novels (Banks) 26
curation 61–2
cybernetic capitalism 22–3, 50, 51tab
cyberpunk science fiction 25–6
dark-side AI 55–6
Dartmouth College workshop 9, 12, 36, 111
data cleaning and moderating 77–8
data protection 41, 104–5
De Stefano, Valerio 91–2
decomposition of working-class 70, 71–2, 73, 75, 97–101
Deep Blue 12, 36, 127
deep learning 66, 127, 164n2
deep neural networks 76
DeepMind Technologies 1, 14, 35, 37, 113, 114, 120–1, 123
defence industry 39–40, 74–5, 103, 152–3 see also security industry
Deliveroo 102
Department of Defense (US) 39, 40
Didi 102
digital capitalism see post-Fordism
digital journalism 102
digital personal assistants 33
discrimination 86–7, 95–6, 103, 104, 105–6, 157–8, 164n2
disposability of populations 5–6
dispossession 138
Domingos, Pedro 127
Dong, Catherine 76–7
dot.com bubble 44
Drexler, Eric K. 151
driverless vehicles 33, 42–3, 45, 81, 82–3
DSSTNE 53
Duplex 58–9, 83–4
economic crises 17–18, 21, 39, 45–6, 73, 142
The Economist 33, 34, 43–4
ecosocialism 161–2
edge computing 42–3, 99
education 96–7
elder care 95
Elster, Jon 119
emancipation, of capital from humans 7, 32, 111, 140–4, 145, 149, 157–9
emotions 66
employees of tech companies see tech industry
environment 152
Ernest, Guy 53
Eubanks, Virginia 86–7
European Union 41, 104–5, 137
existential risk 151–2
Expensify 77–8
expert systems 12, 32 see also GOFAI
exploitation 3, 6, 15, 20, 69–70, 84, 102, 136, 149, 152
Facebook AI research at 37, 98–9 bots on 59 content moderation at 21, 78 opening of libraries by 53 resistance to 105, 107 Trump campaign and 100–1, 107
facial identification software 103, 104
Fall Revolution books (MacLeod) 27
falling rate of profit (FROP) 17–18, 19
far right/neo-fascism 73, 100–1, 157–8
fauxtomation 5
FBLearner Flow (FBL) 98–9
Federated Learning project 99
Federici, Sylvia 5
Fei Fei Li 53
fetishism 139, 149
‘Fight for 15’ movement 5
Figure Eight 77
financial crisis (2008) 21, 39, 45–6, 73
financialization 45–6, 72, 73
fixed capital constant capital vs 15–21 definition 163n5, 164n5 general social knowledge and 63–4 (see also general intellect) machines as 133, 134 slaves as 137 social function of 16, 79–80 variable capital vs 15, 17, 18, 69–70
flexibility 110, 118, 125
Ford, Martin 87–8
Fordism 50, 51tab, 70
forms of appearance 132–3 see also social forms
FOSS (free and open-source) programming 53–6, 113
Foster, John Bellamy 161
Foxconn 74, 81
‘Fragment on Machines’ (Marx) 18–19, 67, 109, 131–5, 136, 152–3
Frank, Morgan R. 91
freedom 116–18, 136–7
Frey, Carl 88
FROP (falling rate of profit) 17–18, 19
Gartner 44, 59, 83
Gates, Bill 4
GDP, labour’s share of 73
GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) 41, 104–5
gender abolition of 167n4 composition of labour and 72 discrimination on 95–6, 103, 105–6, 157–8 simulation of 58
general conditions of production AGI and 129–30 ambient intelligence and 58–62 concept of 30–1 open-source and 53–6 the state and 39–40
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 41, 104–5
general intellect 31–2, 63–7
general intelligence 125–6, 128 see also AGI
generalization 48, 121
gig economy 93, 150–1
Gillespie, Tarleton 38
GitHub 79
global warming 152
globalization 71–4, 77–8, 81
Go (game) see AlphaGo
Goertzel, Ben 110, 112–13, 128–9
GOFAI (Good Ol’ Fashioned AI) 11–12, 32
Golumbia, David 158
Google/Alphabet automated machine learning project 129–30 chatbots by 58–9 cloud service of 42, 55 content moderation by 78 DeepMind 1, 14, 35, 37, 113, 114, 120–1, 123 ‘democratization’ of AI and 53, 54–5 discriminatory hiring and 96 employee resistance at 40, 103 new sectors targeted by 33 online booking system of 83–4 overview of AI activities 36–7 public resistance to 106 search algorithm of 98 Singularity U 159 smart cities and 57, 106–7 smartphones, use of for AI training 99 state support of 39
Gordon, Robert 45
Gourevitch, Alex 151
Grace, Katja 121
grammatization 97–101
‘grey goo’ example 151
Grundrisse (Marx) 18–19, 46–9 see also ‘Fragment on Machines’
Gubrud, Mark Avrum 111
Gui, Terry 74, 81
Haldane, Andy 89
HANA 34
Hanson Robotics 137
Harari, Yuval Noah 126–7, 151
hardware 42–3
Hester, Helen 58
HLAI (human-level artificial intelligence) 128
HLMI (human-level machine intelligence) 112, 114, 165n3, 165n4
hospitality workers 68
Hughes, Chris 150
index
201