这三项机制—反殖民化、生产的反中心化和规训—是“新政”帝国权力的特征,显示出它超越了帝国主义的旧手段有多远。当然美国在20世纪30年代的“新政”政策的最初制订者从未想象过他们的主张有如此广泛的应用,但早在40年代战争中期,世界领导者们就开始认识到它在建立全球经济与政治秩序中的作用与威力。在哈里·杜鲁门发表就职演说之前,他最终懂得老的欧洲风格的帝国主义在他们的计划中不可能有位置了。当然,新时代已有了新东西。
第十一章 规训的可统治性
① 如 Robert Sutcliffe 在Industry and Underdevelopment (Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley,1971)中写道:“没有哪个主要国家未先工业化却成富国……在任何政体下更大的财富和更好的生活标准都同工业化紧密联系。
②论全球及边缘的福特主义,见 Alain Lipietz, Mirages and Miracles:The Crises of Global Fordism (London: Verso,1987); and "Towards a Global Fordism?" New Left Review, no. 132(1982)。论 Lipietz 的作品在英美经济学家中的接纳情况,见 David Ruccio,“Fordism on a World Scale: International Dimensions of Regulation," Review of Radical Political Economics ,21,no. 4(Winter 1989),and Bob Jessop,“Fordism and Post-Fordism: A Critical Reformulation," in Michael Storper and Allen Scott, eds., Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development(London:Routledge, 1992)。
③ 例见 Giovanni Arrighi and John Saul,“Socialism and Economic Development in Tropical Africa," in Essays on the Political Economy of Africa (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973) ,John Saul,"Planning for Socialism in Tanzania," in Uchumi Editorial Board, ed. , Towards Socialist Planning (Dar Es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House,1972), and Terence Hopkins,"On Economic Planning in Tropical Africa,"Co-existence, 1, no. 1 (May 1964)。 关于对非洲经济发展战略和规划的失败的评价,见 Samir Amin,Maldevelopment:Anatomy of a Global Failure (London: Zed Books, 1990) , and Claude Ake, Democracy and Development in Africa(Washington,D.C. :The Brookings Institution,1996)。
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