- As'ad Daghir, "Al-Shabab wa-l-Waqt," al-Muqtataf 14, no. 6 (March 1, 1890): 384–385, here 384.
- 参见As'ad Daghir, “Al- Shabab wa-l-Waqt: Tabi'ma Qablahu,"al-Muqiataf 14,
no. 10 (July 1, 1890): 668–670, here 668.
- Ibid., 669.
- Ibid., 670.
- As'ad Daghir, "Al-Shabab wa-I-Waqt: Tabi' ma Qablahu," al-Muqtataf 15, no. 6 (March 1, 1891): 384–386, here 385.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 386.
- Ma'ruf al-Rusaf , "Al-Sa'a," al-Muqtabas 3, no. 6 (May 1908): 279.
- S. Moreh, "Ma'ruf al-Rusaf," EI2, Brill Online, July 12, 2014, http:// referenceworks . brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/maruf-alrusafi-SIM\_4976?s.num=0&s.f.s2\_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=moreh+rusafi.
- Al-Rusafi, "Al-Sa'a," 279.
- Salim Diyab, "Mulaqat al-Zaman," al-Jinan, no. 19 (October 1, 1875): 665–669, here 666.
- Ibid., 677.
- Ibid.
- Both "progress" and "backwardness" and "setting forward" and "setting backward" are derived from the same root in Arabic: taqaddum and ta'akhkhur, and tagdīm and ta'khīr. On Arab historiography in the late nineteenth and
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