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注释

1. 关于涉及达尔文的理论和哥白尼主义的科学事项上其他臭名昭著的争议；比如，参见Elshakry, Reading Darwin; Stolz, Lighthouse, esp. 233。关于科学思想在埃及的采纳，参见Pascal Crozet, Les sciences modernes enEgypte: Transfert et appropriation 1805–1902 (Paris: Geuthner, 2008)。 在E伊斯兰世界高等教育的最高机构，开罗的爱资哈尔大学中教授的课程引起的斗争，部分反映了这些争议。参见Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen, Defining Islamfor the Egyptian State: Muftis and Fatwas of the Dār al-Iftā'(Leiden: Brill,1997), 49.

1. 关于伊斯兰教的历法，参见Stowasser, Day Begins at Sunset, ch. 2.

1. Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi, "Bushra 'Ilmiyya," al-Muqtabas, October 18, 1910/12 Shawwal 1328, 1; Skovgaard-Petersen, Defining Islam, 87.

1. Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi, Irshad al-Khalq Ila al-'Amal bi- Khabar al-Barq (Damascus: Matba'a al- Muqtabas, 1911), 93.

1. Muhammad 'Arif al- Munayyir al-Husayni, "Munazara Bayn 'Alimayn (pt. II),"al- Haqa'iq 1 (1910): 264-267, here 265. 关于巴希特，参见Junaid Quadri, "Transformations of Tradition: Modernity in the Thought of Muhammad Bakhit al- Muti'i" (PhD diss., McGill University, 2013).

1. Al-Qasimi, Irshad al-Khalq, 93.

1. Ibid., 71.

1. Al-Munayyir, "Munazara (pt. I ),"265.

1. Ibid.

1. Bakhit al-Muti'i, Irshad 'Ahl al-Milla, 16.

1. Wael Hallaq, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge

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