他者。世界给他者以“自由”,但它既不是现成的,也不是现成的,而是像释放他者的在因一样,因为他者也在那里,并且与世界一起在那里。56对让-吕克南希(Jean-Luc Nancy)来说,这种社会性形成了“我们日常经验中非常卑微的一层”。57他者是日常在因的“谁”,这是他们存在的存在意义,他们的“在因”。正如海德格尔所说:“对于一个在因,对于那些与我们在一起的存在者来说,这种他者的在因在世界内被揭示出来,只是因为在因本身本质上就是与在。”58海德格尔用一种存在的(以及一种几乎不加掩饰的对大众的恐惧)来填充他者的特征,他称之为“二”:
在因,作为日常的彼此存在,受制于他人。它本身并不隶属于他人;它的存在已经被别人夺走了。在因存在的日常可能性是由他人随意处置的。而且,这些他者并不是确定的他者。相反,任何他者都可以代表他们。起决定作用的正是他人的不显眼的支配,这种支配已经不知不觉地从在因作为与在而被接管了。一个人自己属于他人,并增强他人的权力……这个“谁”不是这个人,不是那个人,不是自己,不是某些人,也不是他们所有人的总和。“谁”是中性词,是“一个”(dasMan)…“一个”是存在性的;作为一种原创性现象,它属于在因的积极构成59
对于海德格尔来说,有一种本质的“平均”,它属于“二”,它对应于在因存在的可能性的“平衡”。尽管与马克思存在明显的差异(最值得注意的是,个人的分类存在揭示了其他人同时是确定的和不确定的,明显的和不明显的主导),尽管如此,马克思在《1844年手稿》中对异化劳动的分析还是有一些方面与对在因的社会性的描述产生了共鸣。其中有三点尤为突出。第一个是(在马克思看来)把人的“本性”歪曲为一种手段的相似性
56 Heidegger, BT, 154.
57 Jean-Luc Nancy, Being Singular Plural [1996], trans. Robert D. Richardson and Anne E. O’ Byrne (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 8. Being Singular Plural is a determined attempt to rewrite Being and Time from the standpoint of Mitsein. For Nancy, it is necessary to refigure fundamental ontology (as well as the existential analytic, the history of Being, and the thinking of Ereignis that goes along with it) with a thorough resolve that starts from the plural singular of origins, from being-with.’ Ibid. 26. The question of social Being" must, in fact, constitute the ontological question.' Íbid. 57.
58 Heidegger, BT, 156. Following this passage, which is quite similar to Marx’ s position (see footnote 2 in this chapter) that the social is not just to be understood as directly communal activity, Heidegger states that Being-with is an existeņtial characteristic of Dasein even when factically no other is present-at-hand or perceived. Even Dasein' s being-alone is being-with in the world.' Ibid. 156-57. In other words, beingwith in the world is the a priori condition of the lonely, isolated individual.
59Heidegger, SZ, 168, 169, 172 (BT, 164, 167). Confusingly, Macquarrie and Robinson translate das Man as the they when they ought to translate Man and das Man, as one' and the one' consistently throughout. Das Man will hereafter be rendered as the one’ in Being and Time without recourse to a citation in Sein und Zeit.
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